Hypermiling (Saving Lots of Fuel) in a Hybrid

Hypermiling is an endless pursuit--the quest for improved fuel economy, ratcheted up a couple of notches to near fanaticism. Those who practice it are called hypermilers, a dedicated group of guys and gals who routinely push the limits of maximum fuel efficiency. It got its name from the likes of Wayne Gerdes, one of the original devotees of hypermiling, and often proclaimed the inventor of the term. Hypermiling more or less got its start with hybrids, but its not limited to them. Here, well focus on hypermiling with a hybrid vehicle. Some of the techniques can only be done with a hybrid, or, at least they make it much easier and safer--though some hardcore hypermilers perform ALL of these techniques in regular cars. We dont recommend that, but really, a lot of it is just plain common sense that can be applied to just about any vehicle and/or driver. So what are these techniques and tools that are employed so passionately by their devotees? Read on for an explanation of these FE (thats hypermileresque for Fuel Economy) tricks. Pulse and Glide (PG) This is the heart of effective hypermiling for full hybrid vehicles. Though it takes some getting used to, and its really only appropriate for light suburban and town traffic, large FE gains can be had using it. Our first successful PG was in a Nissan Altima Hybrid. This car is equipped with Toyotas Hybrid Synergy Drive (Nissan licensed it from Toyota), but our car was lacking an energy flow monitor, so we had to rely on the EV mode display and the Kilowatt (kW) meter to execute the task properly. To initiate a PG, accelerate to about 40 MPH with the engine running (the pulse part), then ease off the pedal until the hybrid system goes into EV (electric vehicle) mode and the kW meter shows zero (or if equipped with the energy flow monitor, no arrows are showing energy flow). This is the glide part. The engine is off, the electric motor is disengaged and the vehicle is literally coasting for free. When the car slows to about twenty-five or thirty MPH (depending on traffic conditions, of course) repeat the pulse part, then the glide and so on. If properly applied, this trick uses the engine only to accelerate, and it never has the chance to idle along, wasting fuel while providing no return. Forced Auto Stop (FAS) Forced Auto Stop is similar to PG without the objective of re-accelerating. In a hybrid, it is usually a matter of lifting the accelerator below a speed of approximately 40 MPH and letting the engine shut-off. This allows the car to coast to a slower speed, or come to a complete stop without the engine running. However, many conditions can affect FAS (adequate battery state of charge, hybrid system temperature, engagement of AC compressor, cabin heat, etc.) and are not always so simple. Depending upon the hardware and software controls of the hybrid system, there are ways to fool the system into FAS. Unfortunately, they are many and varied, and beyond the scope of this article. Draft Assisted Forced Auto Stop (D-FAS) This technique involves riding in the wake of a large trailer truck at highway speeds (in FAS). Its not safe, DONT DO IT. We only mention it here because it is part of some hypermilers arsenal of tricks. Driving Without Brakes (DWB) More hypermilers tongue-in-cheek terminology. We like to think of this as driving with minimal brakes, but it must be done with a good dose of common sense--its really not a good idea to take a 25 MPH curve at 50 trying to save gas. The main idea here is to not use the brakes to scrub off speed that has been achieved with energy (gasoline) spent. Anticipation is the keyword. Look far down the road to anticipate traffic stoppages, sharp curves, and signal changes and begin to decelerate or coast beforehand. The benefit is three-fold: Not only does DWB increase brake life, it reduces the number of times the vehicle must be started from a dead-stop (overcoming the inertia of a stationary vehicle consumes an enormous amount of energy), and, with a hybrid, the coasting action (regenerative braking) helps charge the battery. Ridge Riding This is the practice of driving very close to the outside edge of the road in order to keep the vehicles tires out of the slight depressions (ruts) worn into the road surface by the constant pounding of daily traffic. For most purposes, this technique is really only effective on wet roadways. Staying out of the ruts, which are filled with a thin layer of water, reduces drag on the tires and increases efficiency. An additional benefit is improved safety by preventing the tires from hydroplaning (riding on top of the water) and loss of vehicle control. Face out Potential Parking This is just plain common sense with a little bit of exercise, to boot. Search out open spaces in parking lots to eliminate the wasteful movement of backing out of a slot. Go one better by locating a spot that is on a bit of a slope, and then use gravity to help get the vehicle moving from a standstill. Sound silly? Multiply those effects over hundreds of park jobs in a year; it really does add up. Fuel Consumption Display (FCD) This is the gauge on the instrument panel of hybrids and many non-hybrids as well. Dedicated hypermilers call this the game gauge, and in many ways, thats just what it is. This device continuously calculates a vehicles average fuel consumption expressed in MPG (or, in metric mode, kilometers/liter) and displays it to the driver who can then make a fantastic game of making the average FE go ever upwards. Instant Fuel Consumption Display (IFCD) The instant fuel consumption display is very similar to the FCD, except that it displays fuel usage, just as the name implies--instantly--as it is used. The display changes moment by moment in response to sundry dynamic physical conditions: throttle off, light acceleration, heavy load, hard acceleration, coasting and cruising. This gauge, more than any other on a vehicle, hammers home the relationship between fuel economy and driving habits. Keeping the instant fuel consumption display relatively constant and even, with a high reading, will probably net more consistent (and easily attainable) FE than any trick or gadget outlined in this entire article.

Lung Cancer Outline - 649 Words

Lung Cancer |General Purpose: |To inform | |Specific Purpose: |To inform readers on the causes, effects and treatments of lung cancer. | | | | INTRODUCTION SLIDES I. What is lung cancer? †¨ A. Definition of lung Cancer 1. Medical terminology definition – cancer of a highly malignant form that affects the lungs. 2. Team definition of lung Cancer – a group of abnormal cells that grows†¦show more content†¦Lung diseases 1. Tuberculosis 2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Transition: we have discussed the causes, lets look at the risk factors including some environmental ones.) II. Risk Factors for Lung Cancer A. Controllable risk factors 1. Smoking 2. Second-hand Smoke 3. Radiation Therapy 4. Asbestos exposure B. Uncontrollable risk Factors 1. Radon exposure in the environment a. Uranium in ground water, rocks, or soil 2. Family History of lung disease III. Diagnosis A. Lung cancer can become suspected after a spot is seen on an x-ray that may have been taken due to a persistent cough, chest pain, etc. B. If Lung Cancer is suspected a few other tests can be used in conjunction to make a final determination of lung cancer 1. X-ray 2. CT Scan 3. MRI 4. Needle Biopsy 5. Sputum Cytology 6. Bronchoscopy IV. Stages of Lung Cancer A. Stage 1 Cancer is confined to just the lungs. B. Stage 2 and Stage 3 cancer has invaded the chest (if large tumors are present its stage 3) C. Stage 4 Cancer has spread to other parts of the body V. Pictures of Healthy and CancerousShow MoreRelatedCancer1029 Words   |  5 PagesLUNG CANCER NAME: INSTRUCTOR: COURSE: DATE: OUTLINE Cancer is a disease that results to an abnormal growth of the cells and form tumors which may spread throughout the body leading to the body malfunction (Radon amp; Raymond, P4). 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Burmese Pythons in the Everglades free essay sample

They followed their ears to a duel between an alligator and a huge Burmese Python. The alligator clamped his jaws around the snake. The snake wrapped its body around the alligator. The tourists wasted no time in whipping out their camera phones or video cameras, and within days the video was viral. Millions were enthralled by the odd match-up, but to scientists, it was a sign of what could be a very serious problem. The fight between an American alligator and a Burmese Python is unusual, and pretty intriguing, because the Burmese Python is not native to Florida. In fact, people barely noticed they were there until the early 1990s. The accidental introduction of an invasive species to an ecosystem can be absolutely devastating. They can wipe out other species, destroy habitats, and throw the whole system out of whack. We’ve seen it before. The introduction of the Brown treesnake to Guam, for example, caused major ecological and socioeconomic problems since its introduction to Guam shortly after World War II. The tree snakes clearly thrived in the environment of Guam over that of Australia; Specimens from Guam were significantly larger, Dobson 2 nd reproduced year round, as compared to those found living in Australia, which reproduce seasonally. As the snakes thrived in a new home, the island could not quite handle them as their native lands could. The brown treesnake caused a severe decline in native forest bird species, the loss of two lizard species, and declines in the Marianna fruit bat. It is now recognized as a public health threat, as well as a substantial drain on Guam’s economy. What has happened to Guam at the hand of a foreign, invasive species which should never have been introduced could easily happen to Florida too. If we allow the Burmese Python to take over and deplete the diverse everglades, there is no telling what could be the long term effect. Like the Brown Treesnake to Guam, the Burmese Python survives better in the Everglades than its own natural environment. In Southeast Asia, the pythons may be prey to jackals, monitor lizards, parasites, and diseases. â€Å"By the time they reach two years old, not much can eat them in the Everglades† says USGS biologist Kristen Hart, quoted by Michael Tennessen (6). These animals are large: up to 20 feet long, and 200 pounds heavy. They are sneaky: they’re often underground, in trees, underwater, or just blending into their surroundings with their brown and green-ish markings. They’re fast: â€Å"Relocated Pythons have demonstrated a homing ability, returning up to 48 miles from where they were captured. † (Tennessen, 5) Most native species of the Everglades don’t stand a chance against these monsters. Some experts estimate that there are tens of thousands of Burmese Pythons living free in Florida today. Some eighteen hundred specimens have been removed and recorded in and around the Everglades since 2005. Their numbers have risen dramatically. Two Burmese Dobson 3 Pythons were captured in the Everglades in 2000. In 2008, the number captured hit 343 (Tennesen, 3). Long ago, water from the Kissimmee River was free to flow to Lake Okeechobee and southward, over the lowlands of Biscayne Bay, the Ten Thousand Islands, and Florida Bay. It was a shallow layer of water moving slowly across nearly 11,000 square miles. It created the swamps, sloughs, ponds, marshes and forests which now make up the remaining wilderness of southern Florida. Many of those species are native, but many have been introduced to the environment, usually as stowaways on other imports, or pets that have been released. The Burmese Python is one of the most invasive of these non-native species. The snakes originate from Southeast Asia, so they thrive in Florida’s similar environment. The Everglades became sort of a paradise to the pythons, since their introduction in the early 1990’s. A female Burmese Python will lay up to 207 eggs at once. Inside her nest, she will coil her body around the eggs to maintain a temperature of about ninety degrees Fahrenheit. Incubation takes around two months. The python has only just recently been observed engaging in shivering thermo genesis for the first time outside of captivity. This is the production of body heat through muscle contractions. The mother snake does this to raise the temperature of her nest and eggs- the warmer the incubation, the quicker they will hatch, and slither free throughout the forest, carrying on its destructive path. With this sort of reproduction, it’s no wonder they’re so easily taking over the Everglades. Dobson 4 One of the first big releases of the Burmese Python in Florida took place in 1992. Hurricane Andrew, a category 5 hurricane, took down a large snake importer’s warehouse, as well as causing many billions of dollars of damage. Each year, Miami receives 12,000 exotic pet shipments, many of which are the Burmese Python. A person who takes in a 20-inch baby python might be understandably surprised when it becomes a 12-foot, 200 pound beast within a couple years, and many will end up releasing it into the wild. Most likely they are unaware that the reptile is about to wreak havoc on the ecosystem, gobbling native small to medium-sized species of all kinds, if they are unlucky enough to fall into its path. A Burmese Python will eat anything from birds and rodents to bobcats and deer- it will even swallow one of Florida’s iconic American Alligators like the one the tourists captured. Scientists who are worried about conservation of The Everglade’s native species have been recording numbers of medium-sized animal sightings and comparing them to numbers taken during 1996 and 1997. The recordings for most species were down by close to 99 percent! Obviously there are other factors that have surely had an effect on the animals, like climate change, pollution, hurricanes, and whatever else, but there is a pretty definite link between the time of introduction of the Bermuda Python to wild Florida, and the sharp decrease in sightings of native species. The solution for such an issue is a tricky debate. How do you get rid of such a large population entirely? It may not seem especially â€Å"eco-friendly† or humane to run around capturing and killing as many Burmese Pythons as we can get our hands on, but neither is Dobson 5 allowing these creatures that humans are responsible for bringing to Southern Florida, deplete the natural ecosystem and force native species into endangerment or extinction. So far nobody has thought up a good alternative, and permits to catch/kill Burmese Pythons found in and around the Everglades are now distributed. In 2003, the Task Force established an interagency team (FIATT) that will focus its efforts on non-native species. Their goal is to figure out how to assess and control the numbers of these threatening species (National Resource Council, 53). The largest subtropical wilderness here in the United States has also been designated as a World Heritage Site, an International Biosphere Reserve, and Wetland of International Importance. It is naturally home to a wide spectrum of species, some which cannot even be found anywhere else. Needless to say, the preservation of this landmark is hugely important. Besides the Pythons there are Nile Monitor Lizards, African Sacred Ibis, Old World Climbing Ferns, and god knows what else threatening a fragile ecosystem. There is no quick or easy way of stopping the Burmese Python from destroying the Everglades. We will have to work tirelessly and with dedication, because this problem will not take care of itself. One by one, each Burmese python will have to be captured and dealt with by relocation, or extermination. In all of my research, I found no alternative solution proposed, besides killing off most of the snakes. Maybe, more humanely, we could arrange some sort of python sanctuary in which Burmese Pythons are captured, sterilized, and cared for until their natural deaths.

The Engineering Challenges of the 21st Century

Free Essays on Differences In Gender Communication

All of us have different styles of communicating with other people. Our style depends on a lot of things: where we’re from, how and where we were brought up, our educational background, our age, and it also can depend on our gender. Generally speaking, men and women talk differently even though there are varying degrees of masculine and feminine speech characteristics in each of us. In association with their own genders, men and women, tend to speak in ways that reflect common characteristics of their own sex. In the workplace today, as it has always been, communication has remained a key ingredient to running and maintaining a successful organization. However, with the changing times since women have become able to complete tasks at the same level and efficiency of men, controversy has arisen, and now more than even it is imperative that communication remain a solid foundation and characteristic of both genders. Differences in communication are the results of many varying factors. The two genders have dissimilar goals and attitudes when communicating. Women on one hand want to achieve status, and avoid failure. In order to do so they pursue them in a semblance of connection. Men, on the other hand want to achieve involvement and avoid isolation, and pursue them in an appearance of opposition. Two disparate lenses are created from the differing perceptions of the male and female. One the connection lens and the other the status lens. Women are the connection lens because they tend to look for similarities to achieve connection, and equality. The males in opposition portray the status lens because it is they who look for differences to achieve status. From childhood on, boys and men try to â€Å"one up† each other. Their actions can lead to stronger personalities. Those who like to give orders and be leaders achieve the higher status, and the weaker personalities are those who accept the orders, are subordinate, and therefore receiv... Free Essays on Differences In Gender Communication Free Essays on Differences In Gender Communication All of us have different styles of communicating with other people. Our style depends on a lot of things: where we’re from, how and where we were brought up, our educational background, our age, and it also can depend on our gender. Generally speaking, men and women talk differently even though there are varying degrees of masculine and feminine speech characteristics in each of us. In association with their own genders, men and women, tend to speak in ways that reflect common characteristics of their own sex. In the workplace today, as it has always been, communication has remained a key ingredient to running and maintaining a successful organization. However, with the changing times since women have become able to complete tasks at the same level and efficiency of men, controversy has arisen, and now more than even it is imperative that communication remain a solid foundation and characteristic of both genders. Differences in communication are the results of many varying factors. The two genders have dissimilar goals and attitudes when communicating. Women on one hand want to achieve status, and avoid failure. In order to do so they pursue them in a semblance of connection. Men, on the other hand want to achieve involvement and avoid isolation, and pursue them in an appearance of opposition. Two disparate lenses are created from the differing perceptions of the male and female. One the connection lens and the other the status lens. Women are the connection lens because they tend to look for similarities to achieve connection, and equality. The males in opposition portray the status lens because it is they who look for differences to achieve status. From childhood on, boys and men try to â€Å"one up† each other. Their actions can lead to stronger personalities. Those who like to give orders and be leaders achieve the higher status, and the weaker personalities are those who accept the orders, are subordinate, and therefore receiv...

Information Technology and Social Trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Information Technology and Social Trends - Essay Example Project can broadly be defined as a specific time bound work with specific objectives and goals; budget; and resources (Reynolds, 2010). Project management helps provide the tools to achieve project goals through well planned strategy. It normally encompasses essential steps like: feasibility study of the project; project development; production and implementation process; monitoring and control mechanisms; and successful completion that leads to the smooth running of the project. Thus, effective management of project is critical to the successful delivery of its goals and objectives within the limited resources of time, budget and human capital. The Project Manager helps coordinate the various team issues of the project, which are vital part of project dynamics that facilitate wider understanding and promote improvement and improvisation of the process to achieve project goals and objectives more efficiently. ‘Access to information represents the basic precondition for success of a firm’ (Drucker, 1998). The access to information becomes vital to only promote efficient and knowledge based discharge of duties by the team but also a great tool for the management to exploit the available information to improve its performance. Hence, Information System Development helps in storing and manipulating strategic business information that are designed to improve the overall business prospects. The proficiency in using computers greatly facilitates the project manager to tacitly exploit data to identify the risks and shortcoming so that they can be addressed timely. When IT system is introduced, training on the use of hardware and software becomes intrinsic part of implementation. Barton emphasizes that ‘hands on real time interaction with the new system†¦ with a more broad based understanding of the flow of information through the system’ is needed (Barton, 2001). TQM promotes quality assurance at various levels of project processes

APPLIED DECISION METHODS CLASS; MOD4; Regression Models discussion Essay

APPLIED DECISION METHODS CLASS; MOD4; Regression Models discussion - Essay Example Sales, and Price vs. Sales determined. Using computer software or excel, the coefficients can be generated and measures of goodness of fit determined hence assisting in drawing the scatter diagrams. Render et al. asserts that assessing the plots (measured and calculated values of the dependent variable) and can be used to determine the quality of the model (pg. 127). For a good and apposite model, the trends should not be very dissimilar, and if the difference between measured and calculated points is huge, an ostensible trend should exist. What’s more, in the residual plot, the residual values of the dependent variable should be arbitrarily scattered around the line err=0 and the mean should be zero (normality). For the model to be statistically valid and stable, the confidence intervals to be used should be significantly small. An awkward model yields inaccurate derivative values and impractical results for even smallest extrapolations. Additionally, for an appropriate model, the errors should have a constant variance that expedites the