Punishment and Sentencing Paper - 1278 Words

Punishment and Sentencing Paper CJA/224 Garrett LeGrange September 17, 2010 There are many different philosophies that are in use in the court systems when determining what sort of punishment will be imposed on someone who is found guilty of committing a crime. These philosophies are in use in both the adult courts and juvenile courts. The juvenile court system is similar to the adult courts, but there are many differences between the two. Both court systems try and keep crime from happening and both courts sentence those found guilty to some sort of punishment through the punishment philosophy that the court determines is a suitable approach for preventing future crime. Deterrence is the first punishment philosophy. Deterrence is†¦show more content†¦This philosophys thought is that the victim of a crime is part of the sentencing process. This means that persons found guilty of committing crimes must compensate the victim of their crime. Restoration is the attempt to make the victims of crimes whole again. This philosophy makes the attempt to make someone guilty of a crime actually pay for their crime to the victim. The juvenile court system has a higher concentration on rehabilitating offenders so that they do not end up in adult courts. In the juvenile system, rehabilitation is the most used philosophy so that the children in the courts may have the opportunity to live a life outside of prison. Adult courts do try and rehabilitate those that are found guilty of committing crimes, but more often than not, rehabilitation is combined with incarceration. Adult courts also differ from juvenile courts because in adult courts there is a presentation of evidence to try and determine guilt. Juvenile courts on the other hand examine the actions of a juvenile and try and determine how to rehabilitate the individual. The sanctions that serve as a guide for judges are probably one of the most important tools that can be used in courts. Adult and juvenile courts can both use sanctions to their advantage. When sanctions are used properly , they can be a very good deterrent for those thinking about committing a crime. These sanctions can be many different things assigned to crimes to help and deterShow MoreRelatedSentencing Paper Individual1170 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Sentencing Paper Toska Reed Introduction of Corrections/CJA234 February 02, 2015 University of Phoenix Online Professor John Eckert Sentencing Paper In this paper will describe how the system analyzes the principal objectives of punishment within the United States correctional system. It will also describe how the state and federal systems goals of punishment. How does sentencing affect the state and federal corrections systems overall and I will explain and support my answer? AlsoRead MoreMale And Female Sentencing : A Look Into Alternative Sentencing1274 Words   |  6 PagesMale Sentencing A Look into Alternative Sentencing Ritchey, Christian American Military University Author Note This paper was prepared for CRMJ201. Abstract With incarceration rates rising and jail and prison populations at an all-time high, alternative sentencing is being used more often with non-violent offenders. This paper looks at male and female incarceration rates, the use of alternative programs for sentencing between the two and the effectiveness of such programs. During the paper we willRead MoreSentencing Paper1264 Words   |  6 PagesSentencing Paper Tushar Vincent Botlero 12 March 2012 CJ/A-234 Melissa Andrewjeski Sentencing Paper   Punishment has been a subject of deliberate among philosophers, political leaders,  and lawyers  for centuries. Various theories of punishment have been developed, each of which attempts to justify the practice in some form and to state its proper objectives. The quantity and severity of punishments were reduced, the prison system have been improved. According to the MontgomeryRead MoreEssay on Criminal Sentencing Purpose1300 Words   |  6 Pages Criminal Sentencing purpose There was once a Television show name â€Å"Berretta† and the show theme song said do not do crime if you cannot do the time. That is a true saying, one that should be on every criminal mind why they are committing a crime. Sentencing a criminal for crimes for which they have been convicted of is their due punishment according to the severity of the crime committed. The Courts have for centuries punished criminals accordingRead MoreEffects of Punishment805 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Punishment and Sentencing Jesus Lujan Jr. CJS/200 February 13, 2011 University of Phoenix- Robert Winkler Effects of Punishment and Sentencing The Effects of Punishment and Sentencing Punishment and sentencing are an integral part of our criminal justice system. There are four basic philosophical reasons for sentencing retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. There are some factors that that can affect how a wrongdoer is punished. There is a debate surroundingRead MoreState And Federal Objectives Of Punishment1040 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract In this paper I will go over state and federal objectives of punishment. How sentencing affects the state and federal corrections systems will also be discussed. There are two different types of sentencing which are determinate and indeterminate sentencing, and they will be defined in this paper. State and Federal Objectives of Punishment There are four different fundamental objectives of punishment. The four different faces of punishment are deterrence, retribution, rehabilitation, andRead MoreSentencing Guilty Verdict1067 Words   |  4 PagesI. Introduction Sentencing is defined as the penalty phase which follows a guilty verdict levied for a criminal act (The Free Dictionary, 2014). Sentencing attempts to accomplish four goals: a. Punishment b. Incapacitation c. Deterrence d. Rehabilitation (Renter, 2008) When imposing legal sanctions we must consider the criminal act committed. The importance of this consideration lies in fact that the punishment should fit the crime. We would not want to sentence a child to life imprisonment forRead MoreThe Concept Of Mandatory Sentencing1096 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of mandatory sentencing is a relatively new idea in the legal field. It was first introduced in 1951 with the Boggs Act, and it made simple marijuana possession a minimum of two to ten years with a $20,000 fine. This was eventually repealed by Congress in 1970, but mandatory sentences came back with the passage of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986. Since then, the scope and presence of mandatory sentencing has only grown, especially mandatory sentences for drug related offenses. RecentlyRead MoreCriminal Justice Outline1660 Words   |  7 PagesProcess of Law b. Trial- Judge and Supreme court roles c. Sentencing – 3 types Sentencing a. Determinate- pros and cons b. Indeterminate- pros and cons c. Mandatory- pros and cons d. Specific or general deterrence Determinate sentencing a. Time- Each punishment is set person to person regardless b. Punishment- does not discriminate c. Community- deter people from committing it again Indeterminate Sentencing a. Courts and judges role in helping the offender b. CommunityRead MorePrison Term Policy Recommendation Essay814 Words   |  4 PagesRecommendation Paper As a realistic matter, it is smart to sustain a bill that addresses a real concern, creates proper use of resources and effectively addresses the problem for which it was intended. It is known that victims of armed robberies want to see the offenders punished. It is noticeable that the public’s desire is to be safe and protected from being a victim of armed robbery. While on the other hand, the legislature must show caution in legislating across the board sentencing and defend

Hypermiling (Saving Lots of Fuel) in a Hybrid

Hypermiling is an endless pursuit--the quest for improved fuel economy, ratcheted up a couple of notches to near fanaticism. Those who practice it are called hypermilers, a dedicated group of guys and gals who routinely push the limits of maximum fuel efficiency. It got its name from the likes of Wayne Gerdes, one of the original devotees of hypermiling, and often proclaimed the inventor of the term. Hypermiling more or less got its start with hybrids, but its not limited to them. Here, well focus on hypermiling with a hybrid vehicle. Some of the techniques can only be done with a hybrid, or, at least they make it much easier and safer--though some hardcore hypermilers perform ALL of these techniques in regular cars. We dont recommend that, but really, a lot of it is just plain common sense that can be applied to just about any vehicle and/or driver. So what are these techniques and tools that are employed so passionately by their devotees? Read on for an explanation of these FE (thats hypermileresque for Fuel Economy) tricks. Pulse and Glide (PG) This is the heart of effective hypermiling for full hybrid vehicles. Though it takes some getting used to, and its really only appropriate for light suburban and town traffic, large FE gains can be had using it. Our first successful PG was in a Nissan Altima Hybrid. This car is equipped with Toyotas Hybrid Synergy Drive (Nissan licensed it from Toyota), but our car was lacking an energy flow monitor, so we had to rely on the EV mode display and the Kilowatt (kW) meter to execute the task properly. To initiate a PG, accelerate to about 40 MPH with the engine running (the pulse part), then ease off the pedal until the hybrid system goes into EV (electric vehicle) mode and the kW meter shows zero (or if equipped with the energy flow monitor, no arrows are showing energy flow). This is the glide part. The engine is off, the electric motor is disengaged and the vehicle is literally coasting for free. When the car slows to about twenty-five or thirty MPH (depending on traffic conditions, of course) repeat the pulse part, then the glide and so on. If properly applied, this trick uses the engine only to accelerate, and it never has the chance to idle along, wasting fuel while providing no return. Forced Auto Stop (FAS) Forced Auto Stop is similar to PG without the objective of re-accelerating. In a hybrid, it is usually a matter of lifting the accelerator below a speed of approximately 40 MPH and letting the engine shut-off. This allows the car to coast to a slower speed, or come to a complete stop without the engine running. However, many conditions can affect FAS (adequate battery state of charge, hybrid system temperature, engagement of AC compressor, cabin heat, etc.) and are not always so simple. Depending upon the hardware and software controls of the hybrid system, there are ways to fool the system into FAS. Unfortunately, they are many and varied, and beyond the scope of this article. Draft Assisted Forced Auto Stop (D-FAS) This technique involves riding in the wake of a large trailer truck at highway speeds (in FAS). Its not safe, DONT DO IT. We only mention it here because it is part of some hypermilers arsenal of tricks. Driving Without Brakes (DWB) More hypermilers tongue-in-cheek terminology. We like to think of this as driving with minimal brakes, but it must be done with a good dose of common sense--its really not a good idea to take a 25 MPH curve at 50 trying to save gas. The main idea here is to not use the brakes to scrub off speed that has been achieved with energy (gasoline) spent. Anticipation is the keyword. Look far down the road to anticipate traffic stoppages, sharp curves, and signal changes and begin to decelerate or coast beforehand. The benefit is three-fold: Not only does DWB increase brake life, it reduces the number of times the vehicle must be started from a dead-stop (overcoming the inertia of a stationary vehicle consumes an enormous amount of energy), and, with a hybrid, the coasting action (regenerative braking) helps charge the battery. Ridge Riding This is the practice of driving very close to the outside edge of the road in order to keep the vehicles tires out of the slight depressions (ruts) worn into the road surface by the constant pounding of daily traffic. For most purposes, this technique is really only effective on wet roadways. Staying out of the ruts, which are filled with a thin layer of water, reduces drag on the tires and increases efficiency. An additional benefit is improved safety by preventing the tires from hydroplaning (riding on top of the water) and loss of vehicle control. Face out Potential Parking This is just plain common sense with a little bit of exercise, to boot. Search out open spaces in parking lots to eliminate the wasteful movement of backing out of a slot. Go one better by locating a spot that is on a bit of a slope, and then use gravity to help get the vehicle moving from a standstill. Sound silly? Multiply those effects over hundreds of park jobs in a year; it really does add up. Fuel Consumption Display (FCD) This is the gauge on the instrument panel of hybrids and many non-hybrids as well. Dedicated hypermilers call this the game gauge, and in many ways, thats just what it is. This device continuously calculates a vehicles average fuel consumption expressed in MPG (or, in metric mode, kilometers/liter) and displays it to the driver who can then make a fantastic game of making the average FE go ever upwards. Instant Fuel Consumption Display (IFCD) The instant fuel consumption display is very similar to the FCD, except that it displays fuel usage, just as the name implies--instantly--as it is used. The display changes moment by moment in response to sundry dynamic physical conditions: throttle off, light acceleration, heavy load, hard acceleration, coasting and cruising. This gauge, more than any other on a vehicle, hammers home the relationship between fuel economy and driving habits. Keeping the instant fuel consumption display relatively constant and even, with a high reading, will probably net more consistent (and easily attainable) FE than any trick or gadget outlined in this entire article.

Lung Cancer Outline - 649 Words

Lung Cancer |General Purpose: |To inform | |Specific Purpose: |To inform readers on the causes, effects and treatments of lung cancer. | | | | INTRODUCTION SLIDES I. What is lung cancer? †¨ A. Definition of lung Cancer 1. Medical terminology definition – cancer of a highly malignant form that affects the lungs. 2. Team definition of lung Cancer – a group of abnormal cells that grows†¦show more content†¦Lung diseases 1. Tuberculosis 2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Transition: we have discussed the causes, lets look at the risk factors including some environmental ones.) II. Risk Factors for Lung Cancer A. Controllable risk factors 1. Smoking 2. Second-hand Smoke 3. Radiation Therapy 4. Asbestos exposure B. Uncontrollable risk Factors 1. Radon exposure in the environment a. Uranium in ground water, rocks, or soil 2. Family History of lung disease III. Diagnosis A. Lung cancer can become suspected after a spot is seen on an x-ray that may have been taken due to a persistent cough, chest pain, etc. B. If Lung Cancer is suspected a few other tests can be used in conjunction to make a final determination of lung cancer 1. X-ray 2. CT Scan 3. MRI 4. Needle Biopsy 5. Sputum Cytology 6. Bronchoscopy IV. Stages of Lung Cancer A. Stage 1 Cancer is confined to just the lungs. B. Stage 2 and Stage 3 cancer has invaded the chest (if large tumors are present its stage 3) C. Stage 4 Cancer has spread to other parts of the body V. Pictures of Healthy and CancerousShow MoreRelatedCancer1029 Words   |  5 PagesLUNG CANCER NAME: INSTRUCTOR: COURSE: DATE: OUTLINE Cancer is a disease that results to an abnormal growth of the cells and form tumors which may spread throughout the body leading to the body malfunction (Radon amp; Raymond, P4). While there are various types of cancer such as lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer among others, this paper will focus on lung cancer and will major in the following: †¢ The main causes of lung cancer †¢ TheRead MoreHigh Mortality Rates Among Men Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe shared concern among medical professionals about the potential for higher mortality rates among men over fifty due to smoking has prompted medical professionals to encourage more lung cancer screening. Screening is recommended for all men and women under the age of 80 who are present smokers or were smokers in the past. De Koning et al. (2014) identify three sub-categories for current and past smokers between 55 and 80 years old. One category covered those with 25 years since stopping, or 20Read MoreEffects Of Cigarette Smoking Among Adult Smokers1264 Words   |  6 Pagesthe rate of smoking had remained the same as in previous years. This paper evaluates the findings in the assessment conducted by Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. The information obtained from the assessment will aid in providing an outline for planning interventions for community health in Duval County, Jacksonv ille, FL. Also the paper uses the evaluation from the assessment to see what tools can be used in public policy planning. Many people know that the use of tobaccoRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana ( Cannabis )2609 Words   |  11 Pages Cannabinoids and Cancer Cancer is soon to be the leading cause of death in the United States. It currently accounts for nearly one in four deaths, and it is estimated that 1.6 million new cases will develop in 2014 (Freimuth,Ramer,Hinz, 2009). Today, there are many treatments for cancer but they need to be implemented early and aggressively to achieve a therapeutic outcome. Therefore, it only makes sense to adventure out in the hopes of finding a more effective cancer treatment. Marijuana isRead MoreThe Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes On The Health Of Smokers2174 Words   |  9 PagesTobacco smoke attitudes are a significant risk not only to the health of smokers but to those who involuntary inhale the tobacco smoke of others. Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and heart disease. Smoking cigarettes is a proven factor in raising the risk of having a heart attack, stroke disease, broncho-pulmonary diseases and poses risks in pregnancy to the unborn child. Tobacco smoking raises overall medical costs, d ecreases life expectancy and adds to loss of efficiency during the lifetimeRead MoreChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Copd )1839 Words   |  8 Pagesamounts of secondhand smoke. However, there are certainly other causes that can increase the risk of a person developing the disease such as dust and chemicals. Long term exposure to their fumes, vapors or particles can also cause the swelling of lungs (Eisner et al., 2010). My patients demographic was an older, Caucasian women, who had a 10th grade education. She had a rough up bringing which led to her turning to substances abuse to help with the difficulties. She started smoking cigarettes asRead More Hypnotherapy: Can it Stop Cigarette Addiction? Essay2299 Words   |  10 Pagesmanage chronic pain (http://sageways. com/sageline/0196/hah. html). It has been estimated that some 390,000 Americans die prematurely from cigarette smoking each year. Smoking has been linked as a major risk factor to lung cancer (and many other forms of cancer), heart disease, chronic lung diseases, stroke, and respiratory illness. However quitting smoking can decreases the risk of these chronic illnesses and those who quit smoking generally live longer and healthier than those who do not. As scientificRead Morelung cancer927 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Lung Cancer By Brayan Almora and Hector Aparicio Pedroza Ms. Powell, 7th Language Arts Problem – Solution Paper May 15, 2014 Lung Cancer Causes and Treatments Lung cancer is defined as abnormal cell tissue that forms in tissues of the lungs. It is estimated that there are 224,210 new cases every year, while the estimated deaths are numbered at 159,260 per year . There are several options of treatment and are as follows: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation TherapyRead MoreSmoking Cigarettes Persuasive Essay1032 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve that as the government, you should ban cigarettes in the United States, in order to prevent economic issues, littering, and prevent your people from getting lung cancer. Smoking cigarettes may lead to drastic illnesses. A very common illness that comes with smoking cigarettes is lung cancer. Lung cancer is the highest ranked cancer known to have killed the most American men and women. Moreover, when a smoker is smoking, they do not really take in consideration the rest of the people aroundRead MorePublic Awareness of Smoking and Tobacco663 Words   |  3 PagesPublic awareness about the hazards of smoking is increasing, but it is still important to outline the main health problems that are associated with tobacco use. Tobacco smoking is apparently the most preventable cause of death in the United States, (Smoking: Health Hazards, 2005). The specific hazards of smoking include damage to the lungs, heart, and brain (Smoking: Health Hazards, 2005). According to Martin (2008), There are approximately 4000 chemicals in cigarettes, hundreds of which are

Burmese Pythons in the Everglades free essay sample

They followed their ears to a duel between an alligator and a huge Burmese Python. The alligator clamped his jaws around the snake. The snake wrapped its body around the alligator. The tourists wasted no time in whipping out their camera phones or video cameras, and within days the video was viral. Millions were enthralled by the odd match-up, but to scientists, it was a sign of what could be a very serious problem. The fight between an American alligator and a Burmese Python is unusual, and pretty intriguing, because the Burmese Python is not native to Florida. In fact, people barely noticed they were there until the early 1990s. The accidental introduction of an invasive species to an ecosystem can be absolutely devastating. They can wipe out other species, destroy habitats, and throw the whole system out of whack. We’ve seen it before. The introduction of the Brown treesnake to Guam, for example, caused major ecological and socioeconomic problems since its introduction to Guam shortly after World War II. The tree snakes clearly thrived in the environment of Guam over that of Australia; Specimens from Guam were significantly larger, Dobson 2 nd reproduced year round, as compared to those found living in Australia, which reproduce seasonally. As the snakes thrived in a new home, the island could not quite handle them as their native lands could. The brown treesnake caused a severe decline in native forest bird species, the loss of two lizard species, and declines in the Marianna fruit bat. It is now recognized as a public health threat, as well as a substantial drain on Guam’s economy. What has happened to Guam at the hand of a foreign, invasive species which should never have been introduced could easily happen to Florida too. If we allow the Burmese Python to take over and deplete the diverse everglades, there is no telling what could be the long term effect. Like the Brown Treesnake to Guam, the Burmese Python survives better in the Everglades than its own natural environment. In Southeast Asia, the pythons may be prey to jackals, monitor lizards, parasites, and diseases. â€Å"By the time they reach two years old, not much can eat them in the Everglades† says USGS biologist Kristen Hart, quoted by Michael Tennessen (6). These animals are large: up to 20 feet long, and 200 pounds heavy. They are sneaky: they’re often underground, in trees, underwater, or just blending into their surroundings with their brown and green-ish markings. They’re fast: â€Å"Relocated Pythons have demonstrated a homing ability, returning up to 48 miles from where they were captured. † (Tennessen, 5) Most native species of the Everglades don’t stand a chance against these monsters. Some experts estimate that there are tens of thousands of Burmese Pythons living free in Florida today. Some eighteen hundred specimens have been removed and recorded in and around the Everglades since 2005. Their numbers have risen dramatically. Two Burmese Dobson 3 Pythons were captured in the Everglades in 2000. In 2008, the number captured hit 343 (Tennesen, 3). Long ago, water from the Kissimmee River was free to flow to Lake Okeechobee and southward, over the lowlands of Biscayne Bay, the Ten Thousand Islands, and Florida Bay. It was a shallow layer of water moving slowly across nearly 11,000 square miles. It created the swamps, sloughs, ponds, marshes and forests which now make up the remaining wilderness of southern Florida. Many of those species are native, but many have been introduced to the environment, usually as stowaways on other imports, or pets that have been released. The Burmese Python is one of the most invasive of these non-native species. The snakes originate from Southeast Asia, so they thrive in Florida’s similar environment. The Everglades became sort of a paradise to the pythons, since their introduction in the early 1990’s. A female Burmese Python will lay up to 207 eggs at once. Inside her nest, she will coil her body around the eggs to maintain a temperature of about ninety degrees Fahrenheit. Incubation takes around two months. The python has only just recently been observed engaging in shivering thermo genesis for the first time outside of captivity. This is the production of body heat through muscle contractions. The mother snake does this to raise the temperature of her nest and eggs- the warmer the incubation, the quicker they will hatch, and slither free throughout the forest, carrying on its destructive path. With this sort of reproduction, it’s no wonder they’re so easily taking over the Everglades. Dobson 4 One of the first big releases of the Burmese Python in Florida took place in 1992. Hurricane Andrew, a category 5 hurricane, took down a large snake importer’s warehouse, as well as causing many billions of dollars of damage. Each year, Miami receives 12,000 exotic pet shipments, many of which are the Burmese Python. A person who takes in a 20-inch baby python might be understandably surprised when it becomes a 12-foot, 200 pound beast within a couple years, and many will end up releasing it into the wild. Most likely they are unaware that the reptile is about to wreak havoc on the ecosystem, gobbling native small to medium-sized species of all kinds, if they are unlucky enough to fall into its path. A Burmese Python will eat anything from birds and rodents to bobcats and deer- it will even swallow one of Florida’s iconic American Alligators like the one the tourists captured. Scientists who are worried about conservation of The Everglade’s native species have been recording numbers of medium-sized animal sightings and comparing them to numbers taken during 1996 and 1997. The recordings for most species were down by close to 99 percent! Obviously there are other factors that have surely had an effect on the animals, like climate change, pollution, hurricanes, and whatever else, but there is a pretty definite link between the time of introduction of the Bermuda Python to wild Florida, and the sharp decrease in sightings of native species. The solution for such an issue is a tricky debate. How do you get rid of such a large population entirely? It may not seem especially â€Å"eco-friendly† or humane to run around capturing and killing as many Burmese Pythons as we can get our hands on, but neither is Dobson 5 allowing these creatures that humans are responsible for bringing to Southern Florida, deplete the natural ecosystem and force native species into endangerment or extinction. So far nobody has thought up a good alternative, and permits to catch/kill Burmese Pythons found in and around the Everglades are now distributed. In 2003, the Task Force established an interagency team (FIATT) that will focus its efforts on non-native species. Their goal is to figure out how to assess and control the numbers of these threatening species (National Resource Council, 53). The largest subtropical wilderness here in the United States has also been designated as a World Heritage Site, an International Biosphere Reserve, and Wetland of International Importance. It is naturally home to a wide spectrum of species, some which cannot even be found anywhere else. Needless to say, the preservation of this landmark is hugely important. Besides the Pythons there are Nile Monitor Lizards, African Sacred Ibis, Old World Climbing Ferns, and god knows what else threatening a fragile ecosystem. There is no quick or easy way of stopping the Burmese Python from destroying the Everglades. We will have to work tirelessly and with dedication, because this problem will not take care of itself. One by one, each Burmese python will have to be captured and dealt with by relocation, or extermination. In all of my research, I found no alternative solution proposed, besides killing off most of the snakes. Maybe, more humanely, we could arrange some sort of python sanctuary in which Burmese Pythons are captured, sterilized, and cared for until their natural deaths.