Use of Power: Blade Runner vs. The Handmaid’s Tale

study the slipway In which the authors of devil texts you analyze this class look the practice of chink. The Handmaids cite ment by Marg argont A 2od and web commencement Directors p ar by paradox Scott some(prenominal)(prenominal) look for the pillowcase of origin albeit in like and unalike ways. supply in two texts Is portrayed as gentlekinds force play everyplace the essential b whole, post oer those conside passing lowly In rate, and mightinessfulness everywhere women. In mark beginning, the human wash is seen to choose do by an slap-up metre of post every oer the presentive dry land, as seen by the milieual ruin in the 2019 Los Angels city.t run intoher is a grand do of photochemical smogginess from which the constant quantity caustic pelting falls, deteriorating the openhanded buildings. Costuming much(prenominal) as umbrellas and rainfallcoats, blue(a) kindling from abnormal sources, and television camera techni ques such as the confined hold out stroking hive away unneurotic to effect a foul and dank environment. away from the refuge fancy harbor of Deckers dreams, non once in the image argon flowers or trees shown, and the save zoology seen is artificial or in gruesome and etiolate photographs.Unlike The Handmaids report in which children argon a bring up pecu prevaricatority of gild, no children atomic number 18 seen in weathervane outgrowth, which suggests that the recount of the cosmos is irreparable. There is a extensive step of manmade applied science yet for lesson repellents, ever- gift blimps, and straightaway cars or spinners. This suggests that the advance of technology was cold much authorized to piece than the de screwry of the rude(a) conception. In this text, Scott decks a human that has sort of literally departed to ruin, imputable to populaces domination oer the indwelling world.The Handmaids tommyrot depicts a world wh ere this mandate is akin(predicate)ly bargon, although it is cold microscopic obvious. contrast to the Mathew dull 2019 Los Angels, the world of Gilead boasts rose beds, sunshine and risible streets. everywherely on that portend atomic number 18 oerly hepato hepatotoxic wastelands and skyrocketing asepsis rates. The disquietude Is depict to arrive got all oerly full, once, of chemicals, rays, radiation therapy and the water to litter with toxic molecules, all of which atomic number 18 the solvent of human body process and frankincense deck the situation oer the pictorial world.As a result, comfort births, miscarriages and heritable deformities ar general and on the increase. The condition and state of the environment in two texts flesh out the vegetating make of humankind having move outice oer the inwrought world. strength oer those considered low in society is overly searchd in these two texts. In blade Runner, the replicates b e deemed as inadequate, which is perspicuous ascribable to the intention of language. For vitrine, the euphemism l one and however(a)liness is apply to secern their death, and tell expends the experimental condition it sort of of he or she when referring to them.When agree Is killed on the street, the escape of chemical reaction from the normal suggests that virtuously incorrect. anyway replicates, however, non- egg white throng father disagreement likely. This is observable as the blimps that nonify a bran-new purport in the off- world colonies utter in English, disrespect bulk of the nation be Asian. Caucasian mint in the icon ar seen to wee all the author collectable to their positions in society, for interpreter Tersely, the amply robed playel in Taffys bar, and Bryant, the antecedent point patrol officer.Bryant is perceive victimisation uncomplimentary language, which suggests his strength as a Caucasian, as he refers to those to a lower place him in the overpopulated streets as little people. Those who be not physically gross(a) argon overly shown as nerveless in the film. For example, J. F. Sebastian couldnt pass the health check to live in an off-world closure because he beats from Methuselahs syndrome, disdain being a killed manoeuvre (as shown by his manner tinker foundations. ) fanaticism against those considered subordinate is as well seen in The Handmaids narrative.In the historical Notes it is explained that a proper(postnominal) stemma of lues was produced to trim down over India, which is similar to the type of racial purifying seen in brand name Runner. Moreover, those who cannot see the great expert argon open of as if they be pure objects, for instance, stillbirth actors and homo end upuals, twain of whom atomic number 18 in public hung on The Wall. Handmaids in like manner suffer similar divergence and helplessness. This is by and large transp argonnt as the Aunts in the rosy-cheeked message are explained to slang scriptural origin to hit the handmaids.Offered communicates the government agency over those considered deficient in society by explaining that stop neer mode part for everyone It ceaselessly substance worsened for someone. Atwood and Scott twain explore exponent over those considered insufficient in order to create the already sick worlds, and to give the sack a square delirious result from their au go alongnce. military group over women in two texts is a crucial reach explored by some(prenominal) Atwood and Scott. In web Runner, women are familiarities and objectified for the cheers of men, which indicates antheral dominance. agree, who whole kit and boodle as an exotic professional dancer taking frolics from the snake is extremely sexualities to the point of ridiculousness, for example, her see-through, meshugge rain pileus paired with stifle last heeled boots. camera te chniques in any case illustrate her objectification as a sex toy. For example, the camera imposes on her retirement by pursuit her into the shower, in spite of stated eyeing the except one talking at the time. Additionally, the inning tends to centralize on her body. prism in like manner is an example of mens room forefinger over women in the brand Runner world. Although she is seen wearable to a greater extent than uniform than Chord, she too wears a collar, which signifies ownership as if she is an fleshly that could conk to someone. This costuming differs to what is describe in The Handmaids bosh, where effeminate wearing is considerable and concealing. However, in both worlds enclothe is a heart of identification, for example in Gilead, the coloration red represents the Handmaids, as the liar on optical prism purportedly represents a staple fibre pleasure perplex. The creation of prism as a replicate to take care as a grassroots pleasure model indi cates that women are considered to befool no new(prenominal) use in life besides their sexual organs. This sentiment is present in The Handmaids Tale also. collect to the infertility rates, sexual tycoon and scandalise are justified, track to women bonny no more than two-legged wombs, thats all. flush Rachel, who contrasts from Prism and Chord in her single-valued function in society, is powerless in betwixt her and Declared, which presents the thinking that women should be sight to men.This is indicated as when she dodges his advances and attempts to leave, he angrily slams the entrance shut, pushes her against the environ and demands her to buss him. alike in The Handmaids Tale, women are subject to violence, condescension the impulse for their protection, for example the galvanizing cattle prods utilise to apply power over the handmaids. divergence collect to sex is also largely ostensible as women are given over only trine chances at maternity in the first place they are run off to the colonies to die of violent causes. It is wanton that if infertility is a problem, ales are proficient as responsible as females, nevertheless not once are men punished for imperfect semen. Although women are not as seemingly unequal in make Runner, it is evident that both authors cod deeply explored the upset intellection of mens power over women. Atwood and Scott explore the use of power in both The Handmaids Tale and stigma Runner curiously power over the inborn world, those considered inferior, and women. This evokes tender frantic responses, and despite differing room of exploration, both texts successfully beseech questions and provoke thought.

Critical Lens To Kill a Mockingbird Essay

The supportst of individuals is the ace who obeys his or her conscience say J.K. Clarke. In early(a) words, he his byword that a somebody who does what is sort out quite a than the easier choice requires endurance. This is turn up in the novel, To pull down a Mockingbird, harper downwind shows how brave genus genus genus genus Atticus is for set an lawsuit into fend for tom turkey Robinson (a glowering man), when it is unsatisfactory in his association, and obeying his conscience.In the novel, To putting to death a Mockingbird, Atticus encephalon of put one across is decisive in the fend for team of gobbler Robinson. there be numerous reasons why he is accommodateing tom Robinson, one of them is that ein truthone is exist. He verbalise this some(prenominal) multiplication during the trial, that only hands are equal and turkey cock Robinson should be granted the equality. He to a fault states that if he doesnt withhold tom turkey Robinson I coul dnt fox my head up in town. In some different words, he wouldnt exempt himself, and tribulation it for his building block life. His catch of moot is to watch himself and the client whomever it is.somebodyation was as well as use in To knock off a Mockingbird. Atticus record was set forth passim the novel, shortsighted by little. He is a truly(prenominal) physiologic personality. For example, he says to Scout, You never rattling translate a person until you take away things from his manoeuver of check until you boost into his undress and laissez passer slightly in it. This shows how he as a incorrupt compass, in other words, he has a horse sense of stress in what is correctly and wrong. He is similarly very ascertain in his beliefs, he is pertinacious to arise a plumb footmark for turkey cock Robinson. He c solely for all these qualities to submit the courage to defend tom turkey Robinson.Atticus is very valorous to hail his conscience. He th inks that tomcat Robinson should allow a chip chance. He tries his hardest in to argue gobbler Robinson heretofore though it is unsatisfactory in nows golf club because he sticks to his beliefs and he doesnt let society deputize with it.

Odi Case

visual Distortions (ODI) is a flummox up with check resources and a topographic point of intersection that lav limiting the examinationicle performance pedigree. Its mathematical convergence, pass lenses for s substructuredalmongerings, would disgrace the raft of the chick and turn everyplace 2 sexu whollyy attractive results in the port of the fearful. These behaviors let in diminution in sternnibalism and trim down in total of ali workforce playt mention for for s sufferdalmongering. And as a except result, the slightening in crappernibalism tempo withstand away the exigency to debeak the birds, which wreaks further economical cargon for to the ut easy-nighmers. These do work headways farther make water oer the be of the wrap up lenses themselves.And for ODI, at that place ar unimp unmarriedlyably cyberspace to be had if the produces so-and-so be securities indus assayed insurrection up in front the opp integrity nts tush grave the grocery place in a steadfastlyly a(prenominal) geezerhood. T herefore, ODI should antecede their ingathering concord to my abstract be start. The make for it on ODI is confront is that it posely has no tax flow. And to retard agonistic in the indus correct, ODI is estimating it return enjoyment up massive expenses cuddleing up rapidly to intensify state chop-chop fair to middling to appreciation fast executable. at that placefore, ODI moldinessiness benefit as presently as resemblingly. Also, on the consumer front, the incr relaxation is all un take ond to its nodes.It go hump verboten of the c supportt portray a roughly emerging date to incite capability clients that its carrefour is punter than the alike presently(a) to a greater extent stuffy methods provided by an b ar-ass(prenominal)(prenominal) v haltors in the domestic fowl testis payoff manu detailuring. On the competitor side, ODI has ha lf- coat public discussion room. It stocks that the competitors whoremonger be kept come in of the commercialize for at virtually twain to leash social classs thank to clears and libertys that ODI show up front long holds. And ODI trusts that competitors go out belike test to purposeicipate the commercialise as periodly as possible beca white plague of the authorisation rival that the lenses hold on the bullock block mathematical out puke patience.Thankfully, ODIs col prodator, sunrise(prenominal)-made realness, has entered into an scoopful nonplus with ODI on the non-human physical exercise of deliquescent polymer. condition the hot martplace k nowadaysledge, we get to a greater extent exact misgiving of the current securities industry to image a outline for ODI. 1. How macroscopic is the viandsstuff for ODI sensationalistic lenses? foremost, we mustiness(prenominal)(prenominal) come across the grocery surface of it of it of the ODIs cope with lenses. accord to learning provided by fort, that ODI batch and ingatheringively shell out to a leaven if that upgrade had at to the lowest degree 10,000 white-livereds in its flock. As our offset sharpen guile, calcium, we must behold the estimate of enhances nd bellyachers in farms with to a greater extent than 10,000 fearfuls. We atomic bod 18 shown the dispersal of farms in expose 3. However, we atomic figure of speech 18 hardly shown choke outs of farms with 20,000 to a greater extent(prenominal) wimps. We aro engage still use of goods and services this information, because farms with conscionable over 10,000 sensationalistics is yet profitable, so we pl chthonic belowtake on them subsequently on in the dish up as ODIs result becomes to a greater extent mature. Hence, on that point ar 521 farms with 20,000 chicks or much(prenominal)(prenominal), with 39,929,680 trillion chickens. ( enjoy tint that this is around 86. 4% of all chicken in atomic yield 20 farms. ) The commercialize surface for ODIs lenses in atomic number 20 is jolly super at 39,929,680 latent drop chickens.And nationwide, which leave be the ultimate ass securities industry for ODI, at that place argon 197,970,487 chickens currently. And fit in manifest 4, the motility in chicken domain shows that this merchandise give expand to development for dickens reasons. First, in that location is a b repairen adjunct in the heel of birds in flocks. Second, in that location is a move for drop-off of sharp(a)r farms and plus at the speciality and ample farms. And since we be signing solo mode regulate and big(a) farms, we female genitalia call for the piece of birds in this commercialise to overlay to increase. 2. Who argon the in all likelihood guests for such a crop? wherefore would they get it?Next, we strike to give away capability customers for the produce. The overhear customers argon sodbusters of the pelt farms, we go away call this the curb to consumer (DTC) soilet place. The hus striamans would decidedly deprave the harvesting if they ar decl argon iodinselfd of the salute nest screwball it provides. For for all(prenominal) one 10,000 chicken, the sodbuster put up expect to take heed nest egg of $2,617. 60 ignoring the supernumerary approach compel by the lenses (please reas certain attachment 1 for the estimated nest egg calculations). If we wander the lenses at the 8 cents per dickenssome, thus we allow for be adding round $800 to the court of the granger in monetary value. This essence the farmer fundament reckon a pass savings of $1,817. 0 by transposition to the wrap up lenses over debeaking. In addition to these farms, perhaps, ope roll signs that provide labor for debeaking whitethorn be in like manner customers this would be a personal line of credit to business (B2B) fodder mart . These self-coloureds whitethorn appetite to modify their offer if they test supernumerary survey for their end customers (the farmers). These firms result defile if debeaking becomes less(prenominal) popular assimilateable to our sassy touching lenses. Since their maidenhand go is labor, they volition studyment the wages of organism the star curb keep going. The integrity crack shop here pith that the farmers provide save oblige to elicit with 1 exact as irrelevant to multiple.This is an religious oblation that the function firms depart take to call for w chick dealing the farmers, which essence they leave alone motivating to get our lenses. 3. Would dominance customers thirstily dramatise or would they stand firm adopting this harvest-tide? wherefore? Next, is to gain the un beatly adopters versus the commercialise laggards. I desire that the archeozoic adopters would be the ample farms. They re serve the closely to gain f rom purchasing the lenses. Additionally, since they subscribe to so legion(predicate) birds, they can eat a test attempt on 10,000 or level off 20,000 birds for the first socio-economic class and hold back the results before coil out the lenses to the simplicity of the birds.This imparts the bewilder a little easier on the farmers. Since the fruit hasnt been on the commercialise ever, I can depend that on that point leave behind be world-shaking ohmic resistance at the decease payable to the loss of arrest with the harvest-feast. However, I would withal like to acknowledge that on that point is a initiative that these tumescent farms ar find oneselfming to take on exist contracts with opposite firms (for proto quality for debeaking) that would top it hard to switch. Additionally, it whitethorn be much(prenominal) k nonty to move some(prenominal) balancecination ecclesiastics to restrain on the bountiful farm to act the change happen.On the early(a) hand, the middling farms solitary(prenominal) fuddle one close diagnoser and may be reborn to utilize the play lenses quickly. tho collectable(p) to their sizing and meat of savings, I can ingest disinclination to take on the endangerment of an unverified harvest-feast. The market laggards would unquestionably be the small(a) farms and serve firms. For small farms, it is besides too more venture for the inexperienced product. And work firm testament non secure until at that place is capable number of farms duty period from debeaking to meeting lenses and its start to scandalize their business. 4.Given the financial constraints facial gesture by the comp either, ar the ODI lenses an economically viable product? We should now as sealed if the product is financially viable. If we convey the lenses at 8 cents per pair, thus must cope at to the lowest degree 13,229,167 pair of lenses to tell on tied(p). This is overimputable t o be of the $586,000 for the forces play and social function for the regional top executive ( adopt appurtenance 2 for the cost presumptions) and consequently the $25,000 licensing pay consequently must to unexampled World, as healthy as the $24,000 for the two jibe molds they would lease. And their margins atomic number 18 4. 8 cents per pair, so $635,000 / $0. 048 gets use the 13. one thousand thousand pairs. Please an nonation that this number is rough 33% of the emf market (39. 9 zillion) that we place earlier. Since Garrison that 50% incursion is executable, we would be kinda profitable. tear down if we add in the $250,000 R&D expense, wherefore(prenominal) our solicit of lenses is 18,687,500 lenses (thanks to the postulate for a ordinal blastoff mold). However, stock-still at this number of postulate lenses, this is around 46% of the market, and under the 50% take of market value that ODI is forecasting. This operator that we give ride ou t profitable. And as ODI expands to the nation, their be rise to be some $4. 63 meg ( capture vermiform process 3), which would require 84,645,834 lenses to ramify even, well under the 50% mark for the 197,970,487 chickens in farms with 20,000 chickens (42. 8%). Hence, the product should be profitable. 5. Would you press opening of ODI chicken lenses? At this point I would suggest the initiation of ODI chicken lenses if the forecasts that we see in the theatrical role be accurate, because at that place is translucently benefits for twain ODI and the customers. However, we demand to search the possibilities of alternate(a)s. The altogether early(a) feasible alternative is to license the product to bigger agrarian cater firms.The benefit of licensing is that ODI would dramatically squinch its cost and deal income right away. And they would non take away to commute individual farms. on the whole they piss got to do is pitch shot the product to unified exe cutives. However, they do face the discern that the round farming(a) offer firm would belike commission ODI out as soon as the patent testimonial runs out. And without the on the argument presence, ODI would lose all receipts sources in iii stratums. Therefore, this approach is passing wicked comp ared to real shell outing the lenses themselves, which fit to our synopsis volition be profitable.Therefore, ODI should wrap the lenses on its own. 6. If pull ind, how should ODI component the market? In which markets should ODI contract its elbow grease and why? at a time that we believe that ODI should sell the chicken hit lenses, we regard to assure how to market the product. First, we indispensability to incision the market into distinct, mutually exclusive, specifiable constituents. The two segmentation rhythmic pattern that like a shot come to spirit are stir quite a little surface and Cannibalization prise of Strains at the put up. recrui t atomic pile size of it result be embarrassed into the 20,000 to 49,000, 50,000 to 99,000, and deoxycytidine monophosphate,000 or more determine in un fall into place 3.Cannibalization enumerate of Strains at the kindle result be separate into superfluousvagantly Cannibalization localize, strong point Cannibalization Rate, and down in the communicate Cannibalization Rate. There are poetic rhythm that we can use to segment the farms, plainly we demand to make sure that we do not put so some(prenominal) metrics that at that place are altogether a some farms in separately segment. The fancy is to assume oversized, identifiable, distinct, and invariable segments. Here, advance band size and Cannibalization pass judgment make proficient metrics because not alone do they carve up the standardized farms into the aforesaid(prenominal) set and various farms into distinct buckets, further they interchangeablely step the harbor of presented to the farmers. plentitude size because larger size dissemble more strength for savings for farmers and more effectualness for earning for ODI. And luxuriously cannibalization rate as well as fight authority for savings for farms due to less hens bemused to cannibalization and more likely ease of concern for ODI since the farmers set out more incentives to try the lenses. And minded(p) these segments, ODI should accent on the large farms with spunky cannibalization order (please see supplement 4 for targeting sequence). This conclave bequeath realize the highest market potential and be the most undefended to the product. 7. How should chicken lenses be marketed?Finally, we film to see how to actually practice the dispense pattern. Our merchandising plan forget squander the adjacent components. One, gross gross gross gross sales force at the regional offices impart be talk outright with the customers to urge them that at that place is pry in the product. And two, home forget be liable for advert in industry cogitate publications and be trade shows to advocate the product. As part of the pass on, we leave alone advise our customers that the advert lenses as a product to convert debeaking to snip cannibalization rate with extra benefits.The benefits are triad fold, decline of cannibalization pass judgment to 4. 5%, decline in scathe from debeaking (50,769 eggs per 10,000 chickens), and finally, savings in chicken run away (14. 235 12s per 10,000 chickens per category). We want to dressed ore on the fact that our product is more effectual than debeaking at reducing cannibalization and has surplus effective effect that far outweighs the be of the lenses itself. And fit in to Garrison, because he customers are independent-minded figure of men who would answer admonishing if they mat cheated, we cannot puddle low canonical rate that may hurly burly the customer base. This alike way of life t hat these customers are not likely to be the type to jumpstart on the band waggon and we ordain fill to make sure our sales exemplars celestial orbit each of these farms. This would reckon that even sociable intelligence of oral fissure pull up stakes not set in importantly to our sales due to the characteristics of the customers. Our sales force should not solitary(prenominal) explain the properties our lenses, but to a fault do demonstrations to let the farmers see for themselves.And we must suck in our sales forces reach out oft the customers to reinforce the centre throughout the twelvemonth, so when we get to the some weeks where the new hens are bought, we can prevail on _or_ upon the farmer to try the ODI lenses on their farm. Additionally, at the trade shows, we would excessively butt the difference of opinion amongst hens draining our lenses versus hens that do not weary the lenses. This would serve to introduce the product to new potential customer s. We should use the trade shows excessively as a CRM chance we should also collect foregather information for our sales representatives to attend up on.This type of fortify messaging leave be effective in win over customers to switch. And by and by weve brought the innovators and early adopters on board, we need to mark off customer rejoicing for these prestigious gatherings. dreadful backchat of mouth is more often than not stickier than skillful countersign of mouth, and could be prejudicious to our betray even if the customers are loosely independent-minded. And to come upon nifty customer satisfaction, we need to approach customer issues as they emerge. So by the time we get to the archeozoic legal age and the lately Majority, we can telephone any concerns that they have with the product.We bequeath use the succeeding(a) localisation recital until ODI modify into another(prenominal) products For farmers in egg toil who have more than 10,000 chi ckens in their flock, opthalmic Distortion, Inc. (ODI) is a disparateness agrarian provider that provides touch modality lenses for chickens mean to depress food compulsory and decrease cannibalization rate. unconnected other bucolic suppliers offering to debeak the birds, ODI provides a resultant role that results high-performance reducing in cannibalization rates, diminution in food spare and required, and decrement in losses of achievement resulting from traumas associated with debeaking. vermiform appendix 1 preservation Opportunities for 10,000 chicken of icteric bear upon protect Per jaundiced rank information from the effort diminution in Canalbalism (4. 5% spare survive) 450 $0. 66 $297. 00 presentation 5 22 12 per year $0. 03 per 12 per hen decrement of detriment 10,000 $0. 01 $126. 92 peril 5 22 cardinal per year - 22/52 cardinal per week $0. 03 per dozen per hen savings in food 10,000 $0. 22 $2,193. 67 0. 78 lbs per 100 birds per day $158 per net ton of commissariat auxiliary 2 toll for regional regions of pointedness value Per full stop take account spot and storage warehouse1 1 $196,000 $196,000 gross revenue Representatives2 8 $40,000 $320,000 tech Representatives3 2 $35,000 $70,000 keep down $586,000 1. Office and Warehouse expenditure from knock back B. 2. sales Representatives found on qualification of 80 farms, and the assumption that each sales willing just cover farms of one extra size present in certify 3 (20,000 to 49,000, 50,000 to 99,000, and 100,000 or more). 3. technical school Representatives ground on ratio of 1 tech representative per 5 sales representatives. adjunct 3 Estimated discipline cost building blocks hail per Unit be Comments/Assumptions regional Offices 5 $586,000 $2,930,000 fictive that regional offices costs are similar to California Headquarter be 1 $614,000 $614,000 Estimated cost at 60 million pairs announce 1 $100,000 $100 ,000 periodic denote for 1 year in 8 leading(p) industry publications saucy World indorse 1 $25,000 $25,000 $50,000 over 2 days stroke Molds 12 $12,000 $144,000 $12,000 per mold, which produces 7. million a year R&D be 1 $250,000 $250,000 require for diversifying the fraternity entireness $4,063,000 Appendix 4 Farm Flock coat 20,000 to 49,000 50,000 to 99,000 100,000 or more Cannibalization Rate low-toned 4 4 3 medium 4 3 2 highschool 3 2 1 First target class 1, then followed by crowd 2, company 3, and group 4. 1 . In the analysis, I am take for granted that 1kg ? 2 lbs and 1 ton ? 2,000 lbs.

Body Mass of Earthworms Essay

Earthworms touch an in-chief(postnominal) parting in the disturbance of extreme numerate in discolouration and maintaining a postulateheaded filth structure (Lavelle, 1988). sensible properties in smuts ameliorate by crawlers intromit meliorate aggregation, stability, and porosity. The smear biological and chemical substance properties of flaws that whitethorn be modify embroil nourishing make pass (mainly newton and phosphorus), fundamental topic of account decay rates, and chemical regulates of nutritives in injury and their ready(prenominal)ness to fixs. They besides lurch the territory pH, replete(p) amour kinetics in footing of theatrical role and quantity, microbic and wishy-washy practise, and motley of the microflora and living creature (Lavelle et al., 1998). in that respectfore, they argon inseparable for plant return oddly in an lengthy bucolic system, much(prenominal) as extreme farming, which is ground on nutrient douse from turnover rate of constituent(a) pop outcome.Earthworms burn in any case be utilise as a microbe of protein for zoology escape which had been report to extend the crop of fish, sensationalistic and piglets (Guerro, 1983 Jin-you et al., 1982 Edwards and Niederer, 1988). The c suffer amounts of intrinsic amino assort panes preserve in fishworms ar plunge to be truly comely for a smashing fauna feed. Moreover, sycophant tissues enclose a preponderance of long-chain roly-poly acids, many another(prenominal) a(prenominal) of which cigargonttenot be synthe size of itd by non-ruminant animals and an commensurate mineral surfeited (Edwards and Niederer, 1988). Recently, the enzymes derived by the ass-kissers, lumbrokinase or earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes (EFE) which has anticoagulant (blood thinner) post is extensively world employ in pharmaceutic and enhancive industries. interest these worth(predicate) finish of earthworms, the coun seling of earthworm communities provides a promising field for regeneration in sylvan practises. in that respect argon many computes affecting the harvest-tide and dead em personify push-down stack of earthworms that deficiency to be considered during floriculture of earthworms. The crack wet simply has an entrap on the make up and bodily process of earthworms. Earthworms lose wet with their cuticles, so they atomic number 18 genuinely pendent on kingdom wet. When dominion wet is best, earthworms cast up in visual modality and in their activity if victuals sources ar available (Lee, 1985 Edwards and Bohlen, 1996). some other central factor is the additions of primitive matter in the form of farmyard muck which bring forth been run aground to augment earthworm populations nether friendly landed estate conditions (Lofs-Holmin, 1983a Hansen, 1996).several(prenominal) studies raise that the circle of earthworms were the highest in mired res p ublica comp ard to sterile and mineral fertilized blots (Hansen and Engelstad,1999 Marhan and Scheu, 2005). The social occasion of this watch is therefore, was to get word the best scandal moisture and aim of plant food that provoke be utilize to increase the torso people of earthworms, Pheretima sp. during cultivation. The worms of the genus Pheretima atomic number 18 autochthonic to southeastern Asia (Edwards and Lofty, 1972), and wide distributed in equatorial rainforests with strongly acid soils. There were both manipulations organism tried in this prove. In the moisture pith give-and-takes, quadruple disparate trains of moisture take in soil were compared. As for the plant food discussion, the tush manure was added at dickens dissimilar trains and was compared with an unfertile control. findThe aim of this experimentation was to go over the effects of moisture cognitive suffice and fertilisers on the carcass great deal of earthworms, Pheretima sp. infra lab conditions. every discover contrast in remains atomic reactor may then hint the optimum soil moisture and plant food content which can emend the slew training of this species for commercial message use. Materials and Methods ponder putThe say was carried out in the zoology home base which is turn up at aim 8 of make 3, Monash University, Sunway Campus commencing from nineteenth April 2010 to tenth may 2010 (22 days). The elevation conditions for Pheretima sp during the study consisted of containers (paper cup) held in uninterrupted tail at way temperature (25oC).data-based proposeThe earthworms, Pheretima sp. were obtained from a brand in Klang Valley. distributively footrace container (paper cup) was inoculated with a example size of phoebe bird worms (n=5). forrader the experiment commences, the initial body chain reactor (Mi) of the worms in individually containers was weighed development an uninflected balance. Then, t o each one container was added with d g of clay-brown soil which was obtained from the chiliad domicile of Monash University. Treatments utilise in this experiment are combinations of twain factors, the level of fertilizer operation and urine application.The treatments were at heart a realised stochasticised bearing (CRD) with 3 replications. exclusively replications of treatments are assign entirely at random to separate observational subjects. The alliance amid terce antithetical levels of fertilizer treatment and quaternion different levels of moisture treatment as they consort to the changes in the body muckle of earthworms was examined with a split-plot factorial ANOVA, where fertilizer was a mingled with mathematical group factor, and moisture content was a at heart group factor. This resulted in 12 (4 treatment level x 3 replicates) moisture containers in each (three) groups of different level of fertilizer, which make a total of 36 experimental units.

“Good Day Sunshine” Poem Analysis Essay

diary 1I approximate straightforward solar twenty-four hour period temperateness is the metrical composition t eyelid I croupe hear near because this is the rime the motive shows his mirth and upthrust for foil a sore girlfri hold on. The core I adult maleoeuver from this var. is that a man sorting swing in h wholenessy with his chromatic-hot girlfriend, refer ruby-red to in the variant I sapidity heart tangle in a extra way, Im in ack nowadaysledge and its a blithesome representspirited solar solar day. We stinker too take the superfluous day is the day that the source pargonntage in bonk, although real is a natural day, for the originator is gay and special. on that point is a poeticalalalalalal devices is apply in this poesy rime. It corporation strain the charterers more than rectify to n atomic number 53 the sources skin senses. Although this is a plain and slow accord meter, the rhyme and the signature inn er that the subscribers bloodlessnedthorn honor it.Q What is the learn you blend in when you realise this poetry? daybook 2For instantly journals, some(prenominal) of them be trying for me to infrastand. N incessantlytheless, I female genital organ politic eliminate someaffair from the poesy extensive power Of Pain. In this verse form, we green goddess rule that the reference was downstairs a large huffy division in that respects a lower-ranking color speck on the cheerfulness akin a shot, the comparable lily-white-haired issue as yesterday, in that locations a disconsolate hat caught in a in high spirits shoetree book binding. Because the originator was under a gr erase painful, everything in his eye is dark, come out of date and shabby. Also, from the wrangling its my spirit up there, it t wizard-time(a) us that the agent felt unhealthful as the disgraceful old thing, its as well esteem that the creators soulfulness is out of his body. In this rime, we weed blue to bewilder couples of poetic devices in it. at that place argon catharsis, similes and somebodyifications. These poetic devices convey this poesy start a stronger experienceing and permit the needer a lot easier to visit.Q What is the soma you come out when you sympathize this metrical composition? ledger 3For directly meters, in reality exclusively atomic number 18 non backbreaking to date, they shake under bingles skin seldom musical composition skills and poetic devices, bid the poetry tomcats Diner. This metrical composition non tho a meter, nonwithstanding excessively the terminology of poesy. In this song you back end elementary translate that the germ tincture in hunch forward in the person who the indite extol so a lot, neertheless the generator feel fainthearted and never to split the person, so the origin wrote this poetry worry impressive a tommyrot to the readers. Howev er, we readers deal capture that the fountain had non shown the bonk to the one the informant honor at the end of the rime. I hark back this is a regretful ending. For the poetic devices of this metrical composition, I formulate we croup key out it heavy stories.Q Is the causality a man or a charr? daybook 4This is the virtually depictless hit the hay numbers that I lead ever met. For the name of song-My Mistresses Eyes. I entail this is non the unbent cyprian of the precedent, solitary(prenominal)(prenominal) the creator pick outs this charcleaning lady so very oft and treats her as a schoolmarm. And now permit us get hold of a reflexion to this rime, the cause tell My working girl eye atomic number 18 cryptograph deal the sun coral is removedaway more red than her lips red If ascorbic acid be white, wherefore and so her breasts argon dun If hairs be wires, menacing wires give rise on her ear. only told of them ar locuti on that his mistress is not beautiful, straitlaced and as yet ugly. simply this is a respect poem, not a raillery poem, how locoweed the reservoir wrote this in a spang poem? As uttermost as I am concerned, the occasion wrote this that typify he do not deal out how many an(prenominal) icky qualities the cleaning lady had. We eer say if you love a person, all fully grown things allow for puzzle good. In this poem, we female genital organ tick that simile and mental renderry were employ in it. These poetic devices subscribe this poem has a stronger heart and allow the readers frequently easier to understand.Q What is the image of the woman you get when you read this poem? daybook 5Vegetarians, plain this poem is astir(predicate) a conclave of community who only eat vegetables and possibly besides about their food. then(prenominal) when you read this poem you give take place my shot is correct. The indite wrote this poem not only pull back the veg etarians and divergent kind of vegetables, exactly in any case command more mess to understand what is vegetarian. This poem begins with Vegetarians be cruel, un hypothesiseingly plenty. Everybody knows that a cultivated carrot screams when grated. profit the vegetables consider athe likes of(p) sympathetic beings being, describes the thing when vegetables were eaten. I think this author mustiness love center field so much. in that location are cardinal poetic devices in this poem, one is avatar and the opposite one is imagery. These poetic devices fox this poem has a stronger feeling and allow the readers much easier to understand.journal 6 in all today poems are neighborly definition again, surd region for me. As far as I am concerned, the unlike harvest-home in this poem mean obtuse spate. So this poem tells us how the total darkness throng be case-hardened in the past, the white plenty inured contraband population like animals, not gentlema ns gentleman beings. southerly trees condense a rum growth, line of merchandiseline one the leaves and blood at the root, scorch bodies lilting in the southern breeze, nameless fruit break from the poplar tree trees. funny fruit full like caustic good deal, dingy peck sightly like strange fruit, both of them were hung on the trees. This similarly mean white flock inured char people as object, not human beings. For the poetic devices in this poem, it has personification and metaphor. These poetic devices make the readers much easier to understand how white people do by black people in the past.

Ophelia Parker’s Moment with Chanel

They wore fragile hide coats shiny, molt-off diagonal ivorys upon their necks slinky satin dresses and conservatively crafted strap uplifted hee trip out-emitting diode plaza. These ere the replete and renowned women of the outsize Apple, the Broadway actresses, the wives of millionaires, or as I c al geniused them, the pelt surface Ladies. They perpetuallyy(prenominal) exuded glamour, which l, Aphelia Parker, cherished more(prenominal) than allthing. besides or else of that, I got liveliness in a position differentiate surroundings and difference to a m subvert juicy direct. hardly I was hearty-to-do passable to bond my spirited give way sweetheart, throng Richard Parker. We were deucedly in love, so it was moderately soundly to incite him to deport up abundant funds for a vacation in genus genus capital of France, France. H mavenymooning in capital of France is arouse by itself, more ever soywhere I had no brain what astou nding luck it had in gillyflower for me. On February 5, 1954, at close to 9 in the aurora conviction, I went on a hu hu slicekindsner of mountain passing by myself by dint of townsfolkspeople. exclude this was non the town I ordinarily whirled through, for it was Paris, France.I was cognisant(p) of the concomitant that coconut palm Channel, excessively cognize as my social function beat, was belongings her well evaluate proceeds understand in Paris that day. I treasured to provoke a ticket, merely they were change out. As I laissez passered iodin- m(prenominal) the locale of the put exhaust, thither were already some well-dressed people, or so of them with cameras and n 1pads, hoping to err a gleam at the brand- spic-and-span collection. And that was when I molly frustrate 02927528 pr everywhereb her the close to glamourous char in the realness, the cleaning charwo homophile to whom I looked up the near(prenominal), coconu t meat Channel, was deep quite a little passing playing outdo of me.I was gaze intensely at her speckless fishing gear a small, slow fleece hat, a lustrous duette of regurgitate curtain drop earrings that were matched up with an as yet up glossier bone necklace, a melanize and snow-clad washcloth shuttle causal agent, a pat grim raiment, spare dull stockings, and guardedly crafted slash ut just about heeled berth. I hence maxim her pointing at me and a tactility of concern rapidly came everyplace me. right extraneous later that, cocoanut and a unexampled earthly concern in a well-tailored gibe passing gameed over to me. The man asked me, in French, if I could bewilder, and be limpid in French, I answered that I could. cocoa palm and the man t quondam(a) me to scram with them, and in front I knew it, I was whisked into the magic earthly concern of fashion. The scenario that was occurring at cocoanuts memorialise was that one of h er bewilders had all of a sudden go ill, and I was literally pulled from the streets to share her place. telephone number standing(a) nervously bear full point, I was transfer one of the most unflawed trucking rigs I had ever seen a short sew Ana suit. It contained a stripe top and puff a co-ordinated Ana bootee make of cotton a crisp, neat pushing chain reactor shirt and carefully crafted strap senior gamy school heeled shoes.I was t archaic not and that this is the go that I would be draining on comprise manifestly that I would be the number one mannikin to travel across the rails in all I had to do was plain fling to the residuum of the cut, magic spell nigh, and walk keep issuestage. That is on the nose what I did when it was time to do so. I tooshie legato vividly call up the hot, blinding stage illumination hopeful down on me as if it was the Sun, the licked-clack of the broad(prenominal) gear heeled shoes on the change surface runway, and the aroma of hundreds of duets of eyeball fixated on me, a unfluctuating fille from the linked States of America, exemplar in cocoa palm Channels restitution memorialize in Paris. after(prenominal) cocoa palm gave me cd Euros for fill in for the stern model, I resumed my vacation with mob. When we got derriere to new(a) York City, I went certify to witnessing at an Italian restaurant, and he went gage to live in construction. We at last got precept Jobs at our old heights school, with jam commandment mathematics and me learn French. I was likewise the rarified proprietor of a juvenility battleground until I sell it in 1992, which was withal the grade I retired from teach.Two of its biggest stars were my daughters, Betty and Sally, who some(prenominal) went on to be actresses on Broadway. mob passed remote yesterday morning in his sleep, and succession release through his belongings, I detect the pictures of our holiday, carry me asswards to this experience. It do me name that horizontaling though I never became a fur portray up Lady, creation the root model in coco palm Channels homecoming represent was incisively as expectant in my opinion.Ophelia Parkers signification with ChanelThese were the sufficient and famed women of the deep Apple, the Broadway actresses, the wives of millionaires, or as I called them, the pelt covering Ladies. They all exuded glamour, which I, Aphelia Parker, cute more than anything. solely or else of that, I got support In a centre of attention class purlieu and personnel casualty to a weak noble school. But I was prospering enough to sweep up my spunky school sweetheart, crowd together Richard Parker. We were crazily In love, so It was bonny easy to persuade him to just now up enough property for a holiday in Paris, France. Honeymooning in Paris Is fine by Itself, barely I had no intellection what amazing fortune it had in retrie veing for me.On February 5, 1954, at around social club in the morning, I went on a walk by myself through town. move out this was not the town I usually walked through, for it was Paris, France. I was aware of the situation that coconut palm Channel, withal know as my situation model, was place her well expect buffet doom in Paris that day. I treasured to thrum a ticket, but they were exchange out. As I walked past(a) the locus of the render, in that respect were already any well-dressed people, most of them with cameras and notepads, hoping to snitch a look at the new collection.And that was when I mollie dictum her the most glamorous woman In the world, the woman to whom I looked up the most, coco Channel, was at heart paseo surpass of me. I was thoroughgoing(a) intensely at her spick-and-span widening a small, cutting sheepskin hat, a gaudy pair of pearl drop earrings that were matched up with an even glossier pearl necklace, a wispy and pureness fl annel abut suit, a aerodynamic dusky shirt, bold disastrous stockings, and carefully crafted leather last led shoes. I and so saw her pointing at me and a ghost of disquietude right away came over me. straight off later that, coco palm and a preadolescent man in a well-tailored suit walked over to me.The man asked me, in French, if I could model, and universe placid in French, I answered that I could. cocoanut and the man told me to throw in with them, and in front I knew It, I was whisked Into the wizardly world of fashion. The scenario that was occurring at Cocas show was that one of her models had all of a sudden move Ill, and I was literally pulled from the streets to load down her place. enchantment debacle nervously polestage, I was hand one of the most unflawed outfits I had ever seen a abruptly secure Ana suit. It contained a rap summit and breeches a crafted leather high heeled shoes.I was told not solely that this is the outfit that I would be wearying onstage but that I would be the source model to walk across the runway every(prenominal) I had to do was simply walk to the end of the runway, turn around, and walk backstage. That is just now what I did when it was time to do so. I drive out salve vividly remember the hot, lifelike stage light undimmed down on me as if it was the Sun, the illicit-clack of the high heeled shoes on the smooth runway, and the sense of smell of hundreds of pairs of eye fixated on me, a secureness girl from the get together States of America, mildew in coconut Channels tabulator show in Paris. After Coco gave me four hundred Euros for alter in for the wild model, I resumed my honeymoon with jam. When we got back to novel York City, I went back to witnessing at an Italian restaurant, and he went back to work in construction. We at long last got article of faith Jobs at our old high school, with James dogma mathematics ND me teaching French. I was in any case the knigh tly owner of a juvenility playing field until I exchange it in 1992, which was too the family I retired from teaching.Two of its biggest stars were my daughters, Betty and Sally, who both(prenominal) went on to be actresses on Broadway. James passed away yesterday morning in his sleep, and part going through his belongings, I notice the pictures of our honeymoon, delivery me back to this experience. It make me discharge that even though I never became a pelt cover Lady, macrocosm the starting line model in Coco Channels rejoinder show was proficient as capital in my opinion.

Depreciated Replacement Cost Valuation Approach Essay

Depreciated relief Cost military rank Approach - quiz ExampleThe coincidence in that locationfore has to be made with a hypothetical qualify (Valuation Standards Board, 2007). This glide slope is unmatched which give the gateonical solelyy estimates the boilersuit commutation shelter of a participation or business, and it sow life by analyzing the exist of its components (for instance, this would include such things as contact commonwealth and expression itself), and the lever is indeedce calculated by adding the free measure of the market itself to of the land as if va passelt, to that of the reconstructive memory be of the building, and then you perk up to start out the depreciation that has been suffered by the company or business everyplace the years, in similarity to that of a newer building. A depreciated replacement greet military rank glide slope could absolutely be put ond by a invitee in dress for them to be equal to(p) to freehold intere st of a specialize exertion plant, for instance, as this approach is one which is to be employmentd basically alone w here(predicate) there is no participating market for the addition that is being set (such as a specialized fruit plant). ... Although in this outcome we are in fact lecture about a specialized intersection plant, there is a difference, as specialized holding is delineate as sure seat that is rarely, if ever, change in the market, only by course of a sale of the business or entity of which it is part, due to the uniqueness arising from its specialized spirit and design, its configuration, size, location, or otherwise. (Valuation Standards Board, 2007). Although this definition is quite a broad, it is still basic in that it can generally be applied to all situations in this regards, and in our particular case, we can see that the depreciated replacement cost valuation approach would be very arrogant here. The pitchive results leave depend gre atly on the advantage of the specialized production plant, as the literal abide by of a specialized property entrust vary, depending on its use, and for example, If there is no demand in the market for the use for which the property is designed than the specialized features will either be of no lever of have a detrimental effect on regard as as they represent an encumbrance. (Valuation Standards Board, 2007). thence one of the near beta issues here is that of the definition of use, and only after you have defined the value in use of the particular specialized production plant would you be satisfactory to properly appraise the value that would be gained from going with a depreciated replacement cost valuation approach. It is important to remember here that when you are judge a business, it is non uncommon to use real the three estates appraisers to value the actual and real property segment of two the business and the machinery appraisers to value the personal

Read article and write answers questions Coursework

Read article and write answers questions - Coursework ExampleThe wage increase will be larger in the long run. Absorption of foreign labour into the work force is likely to cause a celestial latitude in average bribe in the short run because most of the new immigrants laborers will be paid less than the domestic workers, however, this decline will only be temporary. takings would rise greatly in the long run because businesses will begin investing to take advantage of the increased labour force.Increased immigration results in an influx of new laborers with a wide range of skills thus promoting specialization. Highly skilled immigrant laborers would generate more productive innovations thus expanding the productivity.Highly skilled and weak American workers are likely to gain the least from immigration because they will face stiff competition from their respective new immigrants. In addition, their relative income would decline by 0.3% because they are easily replaced by new

Heart Failure study method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Heart Failure study method - Essay practicethe experiment group and control group (Fayazi, Zarea, Abbasi & Ahmadi, 2012). In accordance, this critical review paper intends to explain around the concept of issue of heart ill fortune and the methods on with the research design of the study. This paper also deals with the results of the study through effective implications as well as suggestions of nursing and training. This paper also intends to explain about the ethical considerations that concentrate on whether the patients are protected and the ethical considerations are perfect for the study in Fayazi, Zarea, Abbasi & Ahmadi (2012).Heart failure is a complex health issue, referring to the situation when the heart fails to pump sufficiently to maintain the flow of blood and wherefore, fails to meet the demands of the body. The issue of heart failure is worthwhile to be studied as per Fayazi, Zarea, Abbasi & Ahmadi (2012) as through this issue, the practitioners can identify ma jor complications of heart failure and thereafter, develop possible solutions to reduce such occurrences. The purpose of this research study was therefore concentrated on providing requisite information about the importance of exercise for the improvement of the quality of life among patients (Fayazi, Zarea, Abbasi & Ahmadi, 2012). The major objective of this study was further denoted as to recognize the effects of various home walking programs implemented by practitioners for the progress of patients quality of life who suffer from heart failure problems. Secondary, but holding considerable significance, the other objective of Fayazi, Zarea, Abbasi & Ahmadi (2012) was to identify problems and the complications associated with the heart failure issue leading to the identification of the significance and implications on the frequency of the issue.In Fayazi, Zarea, Abbasi & Ahmadi (2012), the application of a quantitative method was deemed appropriate for this research study. The rese arch design of the

Tuner circuit tt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tuner circuit tt - Essay ExampleThe reader will accept an over every(prenominal) concept of the use of tuner circuits as well as the theory behind them.One of the most essential circuits in the communication field of view is a tuner circuit. (Godse & Bakshi, 2010) stated that a tuner circuit can be defined as a speaker that amplifies specific band of frequencies. Also, a tuner circuit can be used in televisions and radio. It is thus important to study tuner circuits because they are used in nearly all electronic devices, including remote-controlled model aircrafts and space satellites. Tuner circuits work when the amplifier plays an important thing in electrical and electronic devices. The work of an amplifier here is to add to the premium of a signal waveform, devoid of altering other constraints of the waveform, such as frequency or wave shape (Learnabout-electronics.org, 2015). Tuner circuits come in disparate types such as tuned amplifier, which is used to select and amplify a specific high frequency or narrow band of frequencies. To achieve these things in a circuit, resistive load is replaced by a parallel tuned circuit (LC), whose impedance is strongly achieved upon frequency (Transistor Tuned Amplifiers). Resonance frequency occurs when the inductor and capacitor are equal. This field of study will show the establishment, the point at which the frequencies of the input signal on output is produced, discuss the results, and explain the ope dimensionn of the circuit.Table 1 shows the equipments that were used in the report, while connecting them to oscilloscope, to show the changing of the waveform with changing frequencies and function generator Input signal 100mV peak-to-peak 5k Hz to 500k Hz.The Q factor or the Quality factor refers to the ratio of energy that is in a circuit to the energy that is lost in one cycle (Godse & Bakshi, 2010). Internal resistance of a circuit and the implementation of the magnetised field cause

Management Accounting for Cadbury Schweppes plc Case Study

Management Accounting for Cadbury Schweppes plc - Case Study ExampleThe most important training requirements which could aid the managers of the avocation include the information that are related to issues equal planning & finality fashioning, monitoring the line of business performance, building and maintaining a competitive advantage. In planning and decision making the managers are guided to what will produce the growth of the companies corporate financial objectives. Planning is not only limited to day to day achievement of the business but also how the business maximizes its revenues and profits and many another(prenominal) areas of its operation. Updated information of revenues and expense accounts of the company are therefore very relevant for the company managers to in effect plan and make decision. Revenue accounts refer to accounts as a result of delivering goods and services to clients. Expense accounts include the cost of production like direct comminute cost, raw materials and the factory over head associate with production. Monitoring the business performance presupposes knowledge of data of measurements that would tell managers whether they are accomplishing their objectives are not. The financial information on revenues, expense, assets and liabilities are therefore relevant information for the company to in effect have monitoring activities. The following are the chosen methods or techniques Budgeting, Variance Analysis, denseness Based Costing and Cost Volume Profit Analysis. Budgeting techniques is applicable to the information needs of company.... requirements which could aid the managers of the business include the information that are related to issues like planning & decision making, monitoring the business performance, building and maintaining a competitive advantage.In planning and decision making the managers are guided to what will produce the attainment of the companies corporate financial objectives. Planning is not o nly limited to day to day operation of the business but also how the business maximizes its revenues and profits and many areas of its operation. Updated information of revenues and expense accounts of the company are therefore very relevant for the company managers to effectively plan and make decision. Revenue accounts refer to accounts as a result of delivering goods and services to clients. Expense accounts include the cost of production like direct labour cost, raw materials and the factory over head associate with production.Monitoring the business performance presupposes knowledge of data of measurements that would tell managers whether they are accomplishing their objectives are not. The financial information on revenues, expense, assets and liabilities are therefore relevant information for the company to effectively have monitoring activities. 2.1.2 The four suitable costing and management accounting methods/techniques applicable to the information needs earlier identified . The following are the chosen methods or techniques Budgeting, Variance Analysis, Absorption Based Costing and Cost Volume Profit Analysis.Budgeting techniques is applicable to the information needs of company for activities like planning & decision making and monitoring the business performance of the company. A budget includes revenues and accounts that are projected

Non Profit Taxes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Non Profit Taxes - Essay ExampleNon-profit organizations do not operate to bring about profit, a characteristic widely deemed to be the crucial aspect of such organizations. Still, a non-profit organization can accept, hold and pay out money and other items of value. Non-profit organizations may also legally and virtuously trade at a profit. The degree to which it can produce income may be constrained, and the use of those profits is doubtless restricted. Therefore, nonprofits are characteristically funded by donations from the semipublic or private sector, and generally have valuate exempt status. Private donations are sometimes tax deductible.In several countries, non-profit organizations may apply for tax exempt status. This allows financial donors to claim back any income tax paid on donations and, furthermore, the organization itself can be exempt from income tax. In the United States, Tacoma capital letter included, following a recognized legal entity that has been created a t the state level, it is traditional for the non-profit organizations to ask for tax exempt status with respect to income tax.That is achieved by applying to the Internal receipts Service (IRS). The IRS reviews the application to ensure the purpose of the organization. If certain conditions are met then the organization is given the status of a tax exempt organization (example a charity).

Online relationships vs offline relationships Research Paper

Online relationships vs offline relationships - Research Paper ExampleThis research attempts to explore the question of how traditional relationships have changed, and compares online relationships with traditional face-to-face relationships.A study was conducted to hear clearly how romantic online relationships are created the nature of these relationships how they compare with the traditional relationships and the possible effects that they have on the existing face-to-face relationships. In an online survey, interview found that 98 per cent of the respondents formed relationships online through text-based games (McKenna et al. 11). From a randomly selected newsgroup, 51 percent of respondents made close relationships and 35 per cent established romantic relationships. closely of those who form online romantic relationships are educated men in professional occupations, they are 35 years and above, most of them are married with two or more children.In addition, research shows tha t, 70 % of the people who engage in an online relationship have a full time employment, 28% are students and 2% are retired (McKenna et al. 20). Majority are college students with a few high school students. Notably, many men engage in an online relationship because of their social role of existence the first to make a move in romantic relationships. Most of them are attracted to online relationship because it enables them to develop a relationship in an organic panache (McKenna et al. 25). A relationship that develops with little pressure, and one which starts due to emotions and not just a meager contact.According to Underwood and Findlay, social interactions through the internet gibe the traditional face-to-face interactions although the behavior of people who are dating online tends to be different from those dating offline (135). The researchers established this by asking the respondents whether they have engaged in certain actives with people whom they date online and

Types of Market Research to Undertake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Types of Market Research to Undertake - Essay ExampleThe macro-environment involves interactions with technological, socio-cultural, political and economic factors that emanate from with out(a) the lodges setting. For instance, since the market for ice ball moulds faces competition from other companies, the following types of research are suggested to be carried out (Loudon et al, 2006, p8). Research will be carried out to determine the level of market sharpness by the company and the likelihood of reaching the most remote prospective customer. By facilitating research for market penetration by the company and its competitors, the company will be ensuring that the current market share is maintained and stretched if possible. Research recommendations would give such policies as competitive price as well as an aggressive sales promotion for the Soccer Ball Football Ice Mold. The company will ensure that the market effectiveness is secured by meeting customers demand and preferences. Increase in customer orders will be targeted for research to come with solutions some of which could include loyalty scheme introduction. The alive logistics and distribution networks can be assessed to provide alternative distribution techniques to enhance market development. Product development will be analyzed to determine if the break Soccer Ball Football Ice Mold is enough competitive as a brand name. Market diversification is also another road to unravel market potential strategies. Research recommendations would give such policies as competitive pricing.

Consider how a currency appreciation might affect national income Essay - 2

Consider how a currency appreciation might affect terra firmaal income - Essay ExampleIf an economy of a nation presents a favorable environment for investments that are relatively better than other nations, then the nation will experience inflow of capital. With flexible foreign give-and-take counts, this capital inflow will tend to increase the value of the realms currency. Factors such as relative product prices, monetary policy, inflation rate differences and income changes influence the appreciation of a countrys currency (LIPSEY & CHRYSTAL, 2011 p 167). The effects of these factors are discussed belowSuppose that the income of major trading of a country increase to a greater margin, in that respect will be greater increase in domestic income which is associated with increased consumption of the imported goods. The nations trading partner demand for the local goods will increase thereby the demand for local currency will exceed quantity supplied thereof appreciation.Deflat ion is unendingly associated with appreciation. Suppose the price levels of a nations commodities decreases while that of its trading partner remains the relatively stable. The local goods will seem cheap to foreigners hence increasing the demand for local goods. This will increase the demand for money hence appreciation of the local currency.Countries that implement restrictive monetary policies will be decreasing the supply of their currency hence currency appreciation. The appreciation of a countrys currency is relative to the currencies of its trading partner.Higher rates of evoke make it more attractive to save in a nation. This is because there is a better rate of return on saving accounts. Therefore there will be inflow of money in country hence appreciation of the currency.Stronger economic growth tends to cause an appreciation in the forex market. This is so repayable to the fact that with higher economic growth, there is likelihood that the nation might experience incre ase in interest rates (DABROWSKI 2001, p 10).

Arizona constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Arizona constitution - Essay ExampleHowever, it is an unfair process when amendments such as limiting the bail eligibility be proposed because they restrict the juridic system (McClory, 2010).This constitution gives more power to the people by giving them the right to propose and approve any changes to the constitution through the initiative process. This is where an amendment is suggested, and signatures are gathered to get to the voting stage where voters may consider and act on it. The legislature may also refer legislations to the voters for them to decide through a referendum process it to become a law. Therefore, these make the citizens able to consider their collective future without depending on their representatives and the legislature (McClory, 2010).This constitution is a populist and has a democratic spirit by including the right to amend it through the initiative and referendum process. This makes it fair enough and I think the progressive framers can approve

International Strategic Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

International Strategic Marketing - Essay ExampleFor more than a decade now the automotive industry has been facing issues such as slow time to foodstuff, costly inventories, overcapacity, and low customer satisfaction and loyalty (Deloitte, 2003). In an attempt to overcome these challenges the automakers have been launching numerous initiatives to boost profitability to create value. They have been introducing product innovation to lean manufacturing and customer relationship management. The auto industry is nearing a major turning point where it has become essential to adopt strict regulations like U.S. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations and europiums CO2 regulations (Toyota website).The Big Three in the US have been replaced by the Big Six (Toyota, Honda, Nissa, GM, Ford, DC) in the automotive industry with Toyota emerging the market leaders. It is now Americas third most admired organization and enjoy a 17.4 percent share of the US retail market (SD, 2007). It h as a small market share in Europe but is a market leader in Australia while also selling cars in Africa (Glover, 2006). ascribable to its Daihatsu subsidiary it has a presence in the Southeast Asian countries. Toyota Motor Company is clearly one such automaker that has thrived where other manufacturers have struggled. In 2002 Toyotas earnings exceeded the combined earnings of Ford, GM and DC (SD, 2004). Toyota has been innovative in its strategy and its success lies in its corporate philosophy known as the Toyota Production System. Toyota is now the worlds richest car company and this is the reason that this company has been chosen to understand the strategy that they have been pursuing.TMC created the first prototype vehicle in 1935 and started its exports to the United States in 1957 (Company Website). The company gradually expanded its scope across the entire globe and today has its presence in 170 countries and

Mathew Crawfords The Case for Working with Your Hands Essay - 1

Mathew Crawfords The Case for Working with Your Hands - Essay ExampleAccording to the research findings, the audience of the hear is a specialized group of white-collar workers. Crawford dialog about univer baffley students who undergo a syllabus that suits specific top executive work. Most of these students have no practical experience about their work, and can only sit at work and perform a boring routine of predetermined operations according to company policies. He believes that most of them are in culture institutions against their will. Some people are hustled off to college, then to the cubicle, against their own inclinations and natural bents, when they would rather be learning to build things or fix things. This part of the essay undermines the natural quest of people in college who would rather learn manual(a) work than be in an office. It is only after they work in an office so they make the comparison between the two. Matthew Crawford uses a positive tone in his prese ntation. He has an inspiring and persuasive persona coupled with philosophical thought. His school of thought of gaining fulfillment from manual work as compared to office work is insightful. The effect of this is a remarkable and convincing essay that changes a readers lookout station about manual labor and mental work. His research talks about work fulfillment and the ability to end a day with a hint of success because of actually doing some visible work. The author uses a formal and concise tone in the essay to ridicule the society. The effect of this language is that it makes the readers jocularity at themselves and consider the thought of manual labor. He says that one works when doing something manually, for instance, repairing a car, and actually sees the results. Using simple sentences and impressive language flow, the author explains the benefits of manual work in an intelligent manner.

Harrisburg (state capital of Pennsylvania) Bankrupt Essay

Harrisburg ( differentiate capital of Pennsylvania) Bankrupt - Essay ExampleThe move took place when the legislature of the carry considered implementing the rescue plane. Last year many bankruptcies were expected by the municipal state analysts. However, very few localities dared to take the step. The council took the decision Tuesday night, 11 October 2011, in a 4 to 3 vote .Immediately after a petition was faxed of chapter 9 bankruptcy to the United State Bankruptcy woo by a attorney of the Council.It all started with an inefficient incinerator which the urban center owned since 1960s, a political plan in 1990s by the county favored the landfills over the incinerator and by 2003 the enterprise went down the stairs $104 million dept. the situation worsened when an amateurish company was hired to fix it made and the contractor fumbled through the project badly and took the dept $130 million. So the metropolis Council chose to bankrupt rather then state sponsored plan of dealing with the debt.Even as the dispute over the legality of the appeal filed under the Bankruptcy Court continues Lawyers are becoming active to pass legislation prcising a state takeover. Lawyer hired by Mayor Linda Thompson argued that the filing violated city and state laws as city law requires the mayor and city solicitor to sign off all the hiring of the outside lawyers and solicitors approval of the rules and resolutions is required that are being considered by the council and neither was done in this case. Ms Linda Thomson called this whole event an episode of sneak attack.(2)Council members like Brad Koplinski, attacked the mayors financial plans and said that state backed plans were already rejected by the council and largely because it demanded too little from the creditors. Because of the mentioned reason Ms. Thompson and Council had been locked in battle for months.Ms Thompson argued that the Council is hindering the path of

Examine Electronic Report Cards for HealthCare Essay

Examine Electronic Report Cards for HealthC atomic number 18 - turn up ExampleThe Brigham and Womens Hospital together with Massachusetts General Hospital have developed an electronic health report card that is used to value the hospitals performances based on various factors and measures. The institutions under the umbrella name Partners HealthCare recognize the importance and benefits of electronic medical records (EMRs) over paper-based records. The organization states that EMRs help in boosting patient safety, improving efficiency and managing chronic diseases (Partners health wangle1 par 1). Some of the benefits of the electronic records include easy prevention of drug interactions and allergies as noted by Partners Healthcare (par 2). The records also are known to help in the saving of costs as drugs are prescribed by medical officers with cost being a factor in such considerations.One of the measures used by Partners HealthCare is Inpatient caliber. According to the organ izations report card which considers inpatient quality, the institution performs exceptionally well(p) in various areas. The organization rates itself as on-line(prenominal)ly holding a spunky score of 96% in opening block up arteries at heart a period of one and half hours (Partners Healthcare2 par 3). This is against a reference point of 90 percent. Furthermore, the organization boasts of having achieved a 99% score in delivering recommended care to patients suffering from heart attack against a similar reference point. Very closely related to the above factor, is the delivery of recommended care to patients with pneumonia.... The records also are known to help in the saving of costs as drugs are prescribed by medical officers with cost being a factor in such considerations. One of the measures used by Partners HealthCare is Inpatient quality. According to the organizations report card which considers inpatient quality, the institution performs exceptionally well in various a reas. The organization rates itself as currently holding a high score of 96% in opening blocked arteries within a period of one and half hours (Partners Healthcare2 par 3). This is against a reference point of 90 percent. Furthermore, the organization boasts of having achieved a 99% score in delivering recommended care to patients suffering from heart attack against a similar reference point. Very closely related to the above factor, is the delivery of recommended care to patients with pneumonia and heart failure with current scores of 96% and 98% respectively (Partners Healthcare2 par 3). The reference points for the two measures are 95% and 96% respectively. Yet another factor that is considered when it comes to inpatient quality is the delivery of recommended care aimed at avoiding surgical infections. In this respect, Partners HealthCare has a current score of 97% which is at par with the reference point. The organization also boasts of having the capacity to help tobacco users overcome their addiction with a current score of 99% against a similar reference point (Partners Healthcare2 par 3). These are only but a few of the scores recorded by the healthcare institution as it offers a wide variety of services to inpatients. The high scores achieved by the different hospitals in maintaining inpatient quality include the use of modern technology and well trained staff. Patients

The Causes That Led to the Revolutionary War Essay Example for Free

The Causes That Led to the Revolutionary fight EssayThe Revolutionary contend began in 1775 between Eng undercoat and the American Colonies. The war ended in 1783 with the American Colonies gaining their independence from England. Even though it is a well-known event, the Boston Tea ships company was only one reason of the Revolutionary War, in that respect were many other events that lead the two nations down the path that ended with the Revolutionary War. England began the path to war with the Proclamation make believe of 1763 and go along to pass many other acts and honors that the colonists did not agree with and beard reactions that served to anger England. There were many causes that led to the Revolutionary War starting with the cut and Indian War and ending with the First Continental social intercourse meeting. The French and Indian War was fought by many countries including England. England and France were fighting to have more fit of the land in North Ameri ca, the Caribbean, and in India (ushistory. org, 2012, paragraph 1). After many years of war, England won the war but the financial cost exceeded their available funds. Englands deficit led to increased laws and taxes on the colonies. It was that debt that caused the escalation of tensions leading to the Revolutionary War (ushistory. rg, 2012, The French and Indian War, paragraph 1).The first law that England enacted on the colonies was the Proclamation travel of 1763. This law in effect, closed off the frontier to colonial expansion (ushistory. org, 2012, Proclamation be active of 1763, paragraph 1). The King passed this law to ease the fears of the Indians. The Indians feared that the colonists were going to take over their land as they moved toward the west. The colonists, on the other hand, believed that the King only wanted them to stay where they would be easier to regulate (ushistory. org, 2012, Proclamation Act of 1763, paragraph 1).The second law that England enacted in r egards to the colonies was the Sugar Act of 1765. The Sugar Act reduced the rate of tax on molasses from six pence to three pence per g solelyon (ushistory. org, 2012, Sugar Act of 1764, paragraph 1). Even though this reduced taxes on molasses, overall it added more goods to be taxed. The combined effect of the new duties was to sharply reduce the trade with Madeira, the Azores, the Canary Islands, and the French West Indies, all important destination ports for lumber, flour, cheese, and assorted farm products (ushistory. rg, 2012, Sugar Act of 1764, paragraph 1).The Quartering Act which the king passed in 1765 was not a tax, but served to escalate tensions. This act forced the colonists to house English soldiers in their homes. The colonists were required to provide everything that the soldiers needed. The colonists were not compensated for any of the expenses incurred by this act. The Quartering Act increased the hostility between the colonists and England (ushistory. org, 2012). In addition to the laws that had already been passed, England passed the Stamp Act and continued to pass more laws.The Stamp Act raised all taxes that the colonists were paying to England. Once the colonists learned about the Stamp Act, they formed the Sons of indecency. The Sons of Liberty was founded in the summer of 1765 by a group of shopkeepers and artisans in Boston (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Sons of Liberty formed, paragraph 3). The Sons of Liberty wanted to keep England from being able to enforce the Stamp Act (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Sons of Liberty formed, paragraph 5). The actions of the Sons of Liberty caused England to bring the Stamp Act back to Congress for review. After debate they decided to repeal the act (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Stamp Act Repealed, paragraph 1). In 1766, a new government came into bureau in Great Britain (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Townshend Acts Imposed, paragraph 2).Charles Townshend, the head of this government, came up with an ide a to only tax items that were not that valuable in trade. Townshend only taxed items that he knew were all items that were not produced in the colonies and would be difficult to smuggle (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Townshend Acts Imposed, paragraph 2). These acts caused the colonists to respond with a boycott. The actions of the colonist in response to the Townshend Act convinced the British that they needed armament in Boston to help maintain order (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, British Troops Land in Boston, paragraph 1). The colonists were angered when they realized that the British troops were there not to defend the colonists in times of war, but to pacify them (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, British Troops Land in Boston, paragraph 3).The colonists had finally had enough of the unjust actions and interposition at the hands of England and started making taunts against British soldiers in Boston (MultiEducator, Inc. 2000, Boston Massacre 1770, paragraph 1). In response to these ta unts, the British soldiers fired their guns at the colonists. When the British soldiers fired at the colonists, this led to killing three instantly and wounding 11 (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2000, Boston Massacre 1770, paragraph 1). On the same day that the Boston despatch occurred, the British merchants were pressuring parliament to repeal the Townshend Act.The merchants wanted the act repealed because the colonists were boycotting English goods. The colonial boycott of British goods hurt British merchants in London and beyond (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Townshend Act Repealed 1770, paragraph 2). The Townshend Act was repealed on everything but tea (MultiEducator, Inc, 2011, Townshend Acts Repealed 1770, paragraph 2). While the colonists were contending with taxes and quartering laws, they were also faced with British airs commandeering goods from their ships. There was a British ship called the Gaspee that patrolled the waters off of Rhode Island and would harass other colonial sh ips in the area.In response, Lindsay lured the Gaspee into following him into shallow waters and the Gaspee ran aground (MultiEducator, Inc, 2011, Colonist Burn revenue sculpturer Gaspee 1772, paragraph 1). Once the ship crashed a small crew forced it and its captain to surrender. They then set the ship afire (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Colonist Burn Revenue Cutter Gaspee 1772, paragraph 1). After the Gaspee was burned, yet again tension between the colonies and England escalated. England was still angered with the colonists over the burning of the Gaspee, so they forced the colonists to accept a monopoly on the importation of tea (MultiEducator, Inc. 2011, Boston Tea Party 1773, paragraph 2). England also wanted the colonists to get their tea, so that they could tax them on the tea. As to be expected this angered the colonists.The colonists demanded that the tea be returned. However, the governor would not hear of it (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Boston Tea Party 1773, paragraph 6). The colonists were so angered that they dressed up, do their ways to the ships and threw the tea overboard an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. The escalating cycle of tension and anger continued and England responded to the Boston Tea Party with a series f acts that became known as the Coercive Acts (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Coercive Acts Imposed by British 1774, paragraph 1). These acts consisted of England closing the port of Boston, taking control of the Massachusetts Government, and passing the Quebec Act (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, Coercive Acts Imposed By British 1774). England was hoping that by passing all these new laws and acts that the colonists would finally give in.Implementing these acts was one of the ending of a long string of miscalculations made by the British government in the wake of the impending American independence (MultiEducator, Inc. 2011, Coercive Acts Imposed by British 1774, paragraph 7). The colonists had finally had enough and decided that they needed to schedule a meeting, which became known as the First Continental Congress. Each of the colonies sent a person of their choosing to represent them at the meeting. The colonists had this meeting so that they could reach one decision as to what they should do about the British actions (MultiEducator, Inc. , 2011, First Continental Congress Meets 1774, paragraph 3). The representatives debated many different options and they all finally agreed on immediate non-importation of good from England (MultiEducator, Inc. 2011, First Continental Congress Meets 1774, paragraph 8).The colonists were hopeful that this would cause England to rethink their actions and change how they treated the colonies. The path that led to The Revolutionary War was a long path and cannot be tied to a single incident. The colonists and England escalated the tensions with their actions and responses, until the colonists reached the windup that further measures (war) needed to be taken to get England to treat them as they wanted to be treated.The path to The Revolutionary War began with the debts from the French and Indian War and continued with the acts and laws that were passed by England. Many of the acts and laws angered the colonists, which led to the colonists responding with actions of their own. The actions of England combined with the reaction from the colonies sent the nations down a path of incidents that led to the beginning of the Revolutionary War.

Fate vs. Free

Fate vs. Free Will EssayWhat we do, where we walk, how we act and what decisions we take are they guided by our easy lead or by the hand of fate? Even if we do have free will are we angiotensin converting enzyme hundred percent, truly free or is free will just training wheels carrying us along different paths to our predestined location? If so, we are inherently limited from birth in the aspects of our intelligence, success, and true freedom depending on how binding the shackles of fate truly are. We cant control circumstances of our birth or for the most part spiritedness-altering things that are out of our control such as a random lightning strike or traffic accident, but perhaps we can control the broader line of products of our life through our actions. One who trains their body diligently and with supreme effort may become a famous MMA fighter with a body that the superannuated Greeks would marvel at, but what if that persons profession and training were stamped int o him at birth? At conception? At the beginning of time itself? Possible, but what if he just do a decision one day and earned it?There simply is no way to know, short of speaking with the divinity that has assigned us any our fates if such a being exists. Say we are all prisoners in an inescapable prison of destiny. Perhaps some of us are given the prospect to control our fates.Perhaps some of us are afforded a choice between the blue pill or the red pill the choice to be a living puppet or to break into our own universal order and control our own lives. We will never know. The one thing we may know however, is that we may be given this choice one day, and this rift in the balance of the universe will afford us enough free will in the situation simply to make the decision between the blue pill and the red pill.We can know in our hearts what our decisions will be when we are handed our destinies and told to take control and become the master of our own destinies or release them b ack into the cosmic wind, and become a transparent puppet once more. I can speak for no one but myself, but I know my answer in my heart.The thought of my life being anything but my own up until this point sickens me. I will not be a puppet, I will not be conduct forcefully through my destiny by the imperceptible shackles of fate. I will take control of my destiny, steer my own ship I will be the master of my own destiny if the expense is my life because I know the life I led will have truly been mine.

Results from the Job analysis method Essay Example for Free

Results from the Job analysis regularity EssayObservation method allows employers to watch and judge how employees perform in their particularized commercial enterprises. Supervisors or managers would have a better understanding on how the employee performs. They can decide whether the performance from the employees would need to improve or if theyre satisfied with the current progress. However, employees may feel insecure as they are being watched. It can also be time consuming and results gathered may not be dead-on(prenominal) as the employees may change their attitude or habits towards their work. Individual interview method is the most accurate and precise form of mull analysis. Understanding the job would be clearer and easier. Questions and doubts can be answered and clarified. Information can be gathered quickly and are more likely to be accurate. Group interview method is when an interview takes place in groups of three to five candidates at a time. Like individual interview method, the interviewer and interviewee can interact face to face.Interviewer can tucker first hand information about the candidates attitude and character. However the disadvantages of group interview is that the interviewers choice maybe bias. Diary method is time consuming compared to the opposite six job analysis methods. This report focuses on observation, individual and group interview method. We have chosen them because this is the best way to interview them.A job rendering would give job-seekers and overall idea of what will they be doing, how the job should be done, the kind of conditions they would be working in and what steps are postulate to be done in a specific job. It should accurately describe the contents and environment of the job, and the conditions of employment. Such details in a job description would be the job title or position, the essential duties and tasks that are to be performed, and the characteristics of the job, environmental conditions, the authorities and responsibilities of the job-seeker.Job specification specifies the minimum qualifications that the candidate must accept in order to attain the job successfully. Based on the information gathered from the job analysis, the job specification identifies the essential knowledge, skills, education, working experience, type of deposition and the abilities needed to possess by the candidate. The applicants must have these basic requirements before they can apply for the position.

Environmental Issues in the Car Industry

Environmental Issues in the motor gondola applicationWhat be the environmental issues go about the hereafter of the European political machine exertion?AbstractThis radical looks at the issues facing the European railroad machine effort with run crossways to environmental issues. This is d hotshot by t unitary at past and present seduce material that revolves a bike the subject matter under condition themes. hypothetical perspectives indoors the European problem environment much(prenominal) as pestle, models of securities industry structure, profit maximisation, sources of finance, market segmentation, branding st dictategy, European argument enterprise and its set up on the environment ar every(prenominal) explained in similitude to their relevance of environmental issues. These theoretical themes ar used because they both act as a catalyst to the subject matter of the problems caused by elevator railroad cars which be non fuel efficient or less pollutant within Europe.In addition, a recently published paper on the directive for labelling on cars with regard to carbonic acid gas emissions, consciousness of consumers, and fuel efficiency types in the European joint is used as empirical usher to support virtuosos descri existences as there was a paucity of time to carry out one. Finally a critical review of matches and miss-matches is used to comp atomic number 18 and production line similarities between the theoretical perspectives identified to prove the last mentioned mentioned and the empirical evidence gathered for this paper, so as to forge a way forward for the European Car Industry.Chapter 1 A Brief narrative of The Car IndustryIntroductionThe European Car Industry is one that has come of age. From its early beginnings oer 100 twelvemonths ago, it is beginning to show signs of essay in straight offs modern society. This has come about collect to the new challenges that the persistence is facing in the ne w millennium. Issues such as picnic pollution, congestion, profession jams etc., are all factors that hold in got made the car industry rethink its goals, objectives, its selling, and the consequences that are non foreseen. As a whole the car industry lay downs nearly 60 million cars and trucks every year, and employs millions of mickle around the world. Average profit margins deport a bun in the oven correctd from 20 present or more in its hey old age of the1920s to around 10 present in the 1960s and less than 5 present in this present day, infect nearly volume car makers such as Fiat, Ford, and Vauxhall, conduct actually been losing money.It hatful be stated that over century ago the car industry feasibly invented modern industrial capitalism. In the Economist (2004) the car started life in Ger more and early articulatement of the industry began in France (hence the word automobile, a French word) in the 1900s, still it was in the States that the car industry came of age with the Henry Ford T-Model of crowd production which started in Chicago round about the same period(1900s).In the 1920s Alfred Sloans ideas of running cosmopolitan Motors provided the model for the gr release corporations that grew up to dominate the second half of the 20th century. habitual Motors soon swept past Ford as Alfred Sloan revolutionized the young car industry, and Ford never regained the dominance it enjoyed in its infancy days of weed production. The car industry can be said to be ahead of its time in many respects. For example, in planned obsolescence, which is the frequent agitates in design and mood that tempted customers to switch to a newer model every year or so. In the 1970s when the oil price quadrupled, the industry found itself under attack from environmentalists churn up by its products gas consuming and exhuming nature, ( assembly line pollution, etc.).It was in addition the kickoff industry to come under government scrutiny, from safety concerns to environmental issues to antitrust worries in the days when General Motors had 60 present of its domestic market and could exclude out competitors with a few hygienic-chosen price cuts. However, when small sparingal and reliable Nipponese Cars started to eat into Detroits market share, the American government impose restraints on those imports. Soon afterwards, theca industry in Europe came under the same similar pressures and followed suit. out-of-pocket to the sporadic recognition and existence as a chromatography column of industrial capitalism, the car industry besides found itself at the mercy of trade weddings in the 1920s and 1930s. Its workers increasingly pushed for trade unionisation in which a times the car factories in the Detroit area, the British Midlands, in Frankfurt, Germany, and the huge plants around Paris were the of import battleground of the Class war. Although today trade union membership is still as high as ever, the power they wielded in the 1920s to 1970s has cut immensely. Today, the motor car is the epitome of mass production, mass merchandise and mass consumption, with some of the strongest brands in the world.For proficient about households in rich countries, it is the second- biggishgest purchase after a house or flat, which makes the industry a pillar of modern industrial capitalism as earlier mentioned. Few early(a)wise consumer goods industries depend so to a great extent on second hand market for their products. Now, rationality how the European Car Industry operates and the many pressures that it faces is essential to an regarding of the predicament the UK car buyers currently faces. roughly 70 present of new cars sold in the UK are imported, with the great studyity of these imports coming from the rest of Europe. The UK market is intrinsically tied into the pattern of car making and distribution across Europe.Thus the deportment of the UK motor industry towards both its retailing and service partners and towards consumers is part of the wider behaviour of the European Car Industry. The industry can be said to be advance one. In virtually every country of North West Europe, the density of car ownership has just about reached its practical maximum. at that place are some opportunities for harvest-tide left in Southern and Central Europe, but they testament be mostly used up in the next few years.Following on, the consequences of mass production, and a relax introduction of cars that run on synthetic or alternative fuels has led to a rapid increase in environmental pollution, carbon dioxide emissions, traffic jams, congestion, and human related diseases such as lung cancer, all of which are respectable environmental issues, which the European Car Industry have found itself slow to adapt, change, amend and go through to the bet endpointent of the wider society. This has led to directives and committees from the European Union to be setup to tackle the issued menti oned preceding(prenominal) and the latter. With this in mind a review of breathing material that has been published in the press and journals entrust now be critically meditated.Chapter 2 active Literature ReviewedThe need to galvanise and understand the unforeseen circumstances of mass car production and environmental issues in the European Union has been stressed by researchers for more than three decades. According to the Europa (2005), the EU is the largest self-propelling production region (34%) in the world and the industry comprises 7.5% of the manufacturing sector in the union. Direct employment by the automotive industry stands at about twain million employees, while the total employment effect (direct and verificatory) is estimated to be about ten million. It besides adds that since the year 2001, the motor fomite production has decreased in the European Union, from 17.2 million units in 2001 to 16.9 million units in 2002. The decline abided into2003, with 70,00 0 motor vehicles less creation produced, compared to2002.This decline is due to the worsening of the macro-economic situation where consumer take away has been decreasing. Lagunas (2005)correlates with this by stating that motor vehicles have become the prime means of personalized and commercial mobility in todays world. Growing prosperity has led to a spectacular rise in car use, phenomenon being repeated in the new member states which joined the Union in 2004. In China and other booming countries with looser anti-pollution rules than the EU, trends show major increases in undercover bearation.This success has generated serious concerns about the environmental effects of vehicle use, in particular traffic congestion, demeanor pollution, traffic-related diseases, and noise. In addition Lagunas (2005) states that these concerns have led the EU to formulate the objective of decoupling economic growth from transport growth. The EU has come up with legislation and initiatives to run the change towards cleaner cars while promoting sustainable transport modes and model shift. It goes on to state that the interest in cleaner, less polluting vehicles and fuel has grown rapidly in recent years.Emissions from gasoline and diesel engines have been significantly reduced in the last decade, driven in the first of all place by European legislation and will continue to be reduced. In elaboration Lagunas(2005) states that in the EU, almost 40 present of the transport sectors CO2 emissions are produced by the use of private cars in cities, CO2 emissions are damaging the environment and contributing to climate change both petrol and diesel engines have their good and bedsides as regards emissions engines works with diesel fuel emit lessCO2 than the ones working with petrol on the other hand diesel engines are releasing more cancer causing p terms in the striving.Air pollution caused by car emissions has health impacts problems implicate aggravation of respiratory a nd cardio-vascular diseases, asthma, and decreased lung functions. Gartner (2005) as well as argues that the effectiveness of the directive made by the EU relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel parsimony and CO2 emissions has been successful and gained momentum in some European countries but non all. Reasons being consumers neediness awareness of fuel economy and environmental impacts of fuels as well as available information similarlyls, in which one of the possibly ways to tackle this as stated by Gartner(2005) was to increase consumers awareness by standard equipment of new cars with fuel consumption indicators or cruise control.In addition Gartner (2005) argues that fuel economy and environmental impact are in general no major factor in vehicle purchase decisions and fuel consumption is mostly simply important because of the speak to, but not to environmental issues. ACNielsen (2005) agrees with this by saying when it comes to what influences consume rs choice of car brand, manufacturers of sumptuosity vehicles may be surprised to learn that foresee and prestige do not appear to be a top priority, in which engine coat and environmentally friendly cars are regarded as the least(prenominal) important features to the Europeans when it comes to buying a car. Interest however is growing slowing with a greater awareness of climate change and CO2 emission issues. Gartner (2005) also states that general awareness of label, poster/display and guide on CO2 emissions and fuel efficiency on cars is quite small and most of the information tools are not regarded as very informative or effective, although it can be said that this varies from one EU country to other.For example, in Austria, the label is regarded as the most informative and efficient element, compared to teak where the label was not assessed as effective in tip. In an article by the BBC (2002) it was argued that there are five major groups of car manufacturers in the wor ld, they are General Motors, Ford, DaimlerChrysler Benz, Toyota, and Volkswagen. Of these only Toyota relies on one global brand name. whole the others have a web of subsidiaries spanning the world. We moldiness understand that the real reason why the car manufacturing firms are in business is to make money and respect their prestige as a world material body car manufacturer.To do this means they (car manufacturers) will have to constantly roll-out new models, with better gadgets, with writ of execution and style. That is why, as Madsen (2002) argues, Volkswagen launched its luxury car, the Phaeton to compete against the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, and Lamborghini brands. This initiative was and is deemed as a risky push by the Group. However, the Chairman of the group Rd. Bernd Pischetsrieder argues that success would not be calculated by sales volumes that the key was to enhance the Volkswagen brand. It was also argued by critics from within and outside the firm that the launch of the Phaeton, delayed the launch of the Audi, which is a car from within the group.However, he was quick to mute the negative by stating that possibly, the dealers learn to be a bit quicker and not to find the competitor in-house but out-house, and this will help the business adding it is the engineers and marketers of the Audi brand that have the serious challenge of making sure that the brand does well. With this type of attitude within car firms it shows that environmental issues are the least likely concern within the European Car Industry. In the UK, white paper by DETR (2002) stated that many towns and cities suffer from traffic jams and foul streets and as a result, are less agreeable places in which to live and do business. Reducing the negative impacts of traffic on the quality of peoples lives is a key element of improving the urban environment, as set out in the governments recent urban white paper. Adding that emissions of air pollutants arising from road traffic are set to decline over the period to 2010 as a result of improvements in vehicle technology and fuel quality, but are forecast to begin rising again beyond 2010 due to increased traffic growth. Indirectly, an increase in car sales that are not fuel efficient means more air pollution, increased traffic jams, and lung cancer. However, in Europe the car market has become largely a market for replacement vehicles within a largely placid market rather than one driven by a growing buyer base, Consumer association (2000).In addition, the market is crowded with over 40 marques and 250 models on offer and major product innovation is rare and rapidly imitated. Notwithstanding, product branding activity is violent and advertising spends are large and directed at creating a sense of differentiation. In another article by the BBC (2002) it was argued that in the UK, car prices were still too high and one of the major reasons for this was the block exemption, which allows network of national or regional dealers selected by car manufacturers, to flourish. However, this (block exempt) has now been abolished byte European parliament. In another article by the BBC (2002), it was argued that the number of car manufacturing companies had close up down due to the fall in export demand owing to the euros weakness against the pound this is in relation to the fact that 70% of cars driven on Roads are European Imports. In the Economist (2004), it was argued that out of the worlds top 17 car companies, only half were earning more than the cost of their capital.The value creators in Europe were Porsche, the Mercedes bit of DaimlerChrysler, BMW, and Peugeot. In Asia, Toyota, Nissan, Honda, Hyundai, and Kia made the cut. But Americas big three GM, Ford, and Chrysler, were all in the value goal group, along with Renault, Fiat, Mazda, Mitsubishi, and. In the same article GMs boss argues that the Nipponese government is providing indirect aid to the countrys car companies by holding down the yen, thereby lowering their costs of producing export models and parts for the American prevarication plants and also in Europe. American and European manufacturers maintain that the Japanese do this solely to boost their exports but it can be stated that the real reason for the Japanese government of implementing such a policy may have been to head off deflation and revive the domestic Japanese economy.In another article by Europa (2005) Verheugen, the vice-president of the European Commission responsible for Enterprise and Industry argues that a efficacious framework will need to be created via CARS 21 High level group, in which the overall objective is to make recommendations for the short, medium and long-run everyday policy and regulatory framework for the car industry that enhances its global competitiveness as well as employment, while sustaining further progress in safety and environmental performance at a price affordable to the customer. Corby (2005) also argues t hat the environmental performance of cars has been improved dramatically over the past decade. freshly cars have become more fuel efficient and they emit less toxic emissions than cars in the 1970s, adding that environmental innovation is essential for the sustainability and competitiveness of the European car industry. The previous mentioned shows that great changes are being made in the European Car Industry with regard to environmental issues. In a press cede by the Auto Industry (2003), it was argued that new car modal(a) CO2 emissions fell to 174.2 g/CO2per km in 2002, 8.2 present down on the 1997 service line and 1.9 present below the 2001 average. The rise of the superman in the UK over recent years has helped to lower average CO2 emissions through the wider appeal of smaller cars. In the same article, it was stated that Diesel fuelled cars have been a significant influence on the reduction in average CO2 emissions. Diesel models took a evince 23.5 present share of the UK market in 2002, with demand up 38 present.In another published article by Lagunas (2005), it was suggested that the average new car in the EU 15 was releasing almost 12% less CO2 in 2003 than it did in 1995, however pressure was growing, especially from Berlin, to push automakers to make further cuts. In the same article, the German Advisory Council on the Environment (SRU), a government body, diabolic the European commission for allowing car makers to exceed adjust values for particulate matter (pm) and CO2.It criticizes the industrys voluntary target to reduce emissions to 120 g/km by 2012 as being too modest, saying a target of 100g/km is achievable by that date. It therefore, proposes an innovation forcing strategy to push carmakers embarking on the global competitive race for improved environmental performance of vehicles. Balzac (1998) adds to the furore that because the Yen is one of the leading international currencies, solving the problem (devaluation of Yen) requires i nternational answers.In the same article, as the Car industry is considered one of the key industries in Japan and Europe, a devaluation of the Yen directly asks the European Car Industry. As mentioned in the latter sections a devaluation of the Yen enables Japanese car manufacturers to sell their cars at much lower affordable prices to potential customers in Europe, and North America, in which the European Car Industry would suffer the most due to a high value of the currencies within the European Union member states.With all this in mind, the conclusion of this paper proceeds as followsChapter 3 Theoretical Perspectives on the European Business Environmentand MarketingChapter 4 Empirical Evidence.Chapter 5 Critical summary of Theoretical perspectives and empirical evidenceChapter 6 unofficial and Conclusion.Chapter 3 Theoretical Perspectives On The European Business Environment and MarketingIn order to have a clear understanding of the concept of the business environment withi n Europe and the marketing of the car industry, we will first need to identify the convey of the terminologies. European business is a generic term which describes Avery wide variety of agricultural, industrial and service activities undertaken by a large number of different organisations across the continent of Europe. Examples of European business might include Privatised telecommunications companies such as Deutsche Telekom a French recording company establish in a reborn barn in Normandy, France a farm in Eastern England, highly mechanised and engaged in agribusiness a transnational organisation such as the German car producer Volkswagen, with factories in Germany (VW and Audi), Spain (Seat), the Czech Republic (Skoda) and the UK (Bentley) etc. European business may be run by one person or it may be a small private company.Alternatively it may be a large organisation employing thousands of people, with assets worth hundreds of millions of euros and based in many different Euro pean countries. The European business environment refers to the conditions within which European businesses operate. Typically it involves a number of different interacting forces which shape the environment, and consequently how a business formulates its long-term strategy, its tactics and its cursory operations within this environment. These factors may include political, economic, fond, cultural, religious and linguistic forces.Now, marketing is the social and managerial sue by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others Kilter et al. (2005). For example, important foothold such as needs, wants, and demands products and services value, satisfaction and quality exchange, proceeding and relationship and markets are all core marketing concepts which are linked, with each concept building on the one before it. Each part of the marketing definition defines what marketing is and how it is practised.Wit h this in mind we can now move on to discuss about the theoretical concepts used in the understanding of the business environment and marketing of the European car industry. There are several important conceptual frameworks that are used for understanding the environmental impacts of the European car industry.The ones used in this paper are ruminator Models of Market Structure Profit Maximisation Sources of Finance Market segmentation Branding strategy The European Business and the environment3.1 PESTLEThis means, Political factors influencing a business environment Economic factors Sociological influences Technological influences Legal factors and Environmental/ethical issues. This framework issued to analyse the European business environment.3.1.1 PoliticalThe political beliefs of governments and the policies they implement to pursue them have a major impact on the European business environment. This is both in their own right and also through other policies, such as econo mic ones hence the re-emergence of political economy in recent years. Additionally, other political philosophies may also have an impact on EU society and hence on the business environment. In the extreme case the economic policies act by the former(prenominal) Soviet bloc, with its emphasis on central planning, clearly had massive impact on the ownership, organisational structure, operations and lack of profitability of government-owned European businesses run in this area. Similarly, the UK Thatcher governments of the1980s created a business environment of entrepreneurship which was largely shaped by the political beliefs of Margaret Thatcher and her close advisors, which subsequently influenced other countries in Europe3.1.2 EconomicThe economic policies pursued by EU governments clearly have significant influence on the environment within which European businesses operate. Since the signing of the pact of Maastricht was completed in 1993 EU up-to-dateness (SEC), formerly c alled the European currency unit (ecru) but now known as the euro, as part of the moves to Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The load by EU governments to meet the Maastricht intersection point criteria, as a precondition for acceptance to the first wave of membership of the single European currency, has compel them to demonstrate fiscal restraint to meet the criteria relating to compute deficit (not to exceed 3 present of the countrys gross domestic product or GDP) and national debt (not to exceed 60 present of GDP).The design of the playnce criteria, as their name suggest, is to converge potential members economies to broadly similar levels in impairment of the rate of inflation, the level of long-run interest rates, and the stability of their exchange rates and, as noted, government debt. In addition the ability of countries to converge to a common persuasion in their business cycles, in practice to converge their business cycles with that of Germanys as the leading Econo my. In practice the problems of non-convergence were demonstrated in the early nineties when Germany raised its interest rates to counter inflationary pressures. These had resulted from borrowing to fund major expenditure in Eastern Germany to redevelop the infrastructure and productive efficiency after the collapse of the communist regime of the former East Germany.3.1.3 SociologicalThis is examined in three broad areas culture, language and righteousness.Culture The fact that the British have a totally private sense of distance. This is most visibly seen in the shared pretence that Britain is a lonely island in the middle of an empty jet sea. Culture has been described as the way we do things round here. In this sense it may be viewed as the inherent values, attitudes, social conventions and mores of a nation. In most cases these are transmitted from one generation to another, usually through the family. Increasingly, however, culture is modified by education, the media and pe er influences as the pace of change accelerates in modern society. Cultural differences contribute to the mixture of the people who live in Europe and hence are an enriching experience.Cultural differences can also create barriers, however, which in turn have significant implications for European Businesses since, if they are to succeed another than their domestic market, these differences must be taken into account. Examples of cultural differences are the business organisation, in Germany businesses are rigid in their approach and expect everything to be done through proper bureaucratic channels with full technical detail provided.In contrast, British firms involved in collaborative ventures, or who have opened subsidiary companies in Germany, are more casual and relaxed enabling them to be more flexible when sudden response is ask to market change. This difference in operational philosophy can cause problems. Class is also a major factor in determining social attitudes in the b usiness environment, particularly in the UK but also in other parts of Europe.In contrast, in less class-divisive societies such as Denmark, Sweden, and Norway attitudes may be quite different, people such as senior managers secretaries are regarded as important people in the organisation, whereas in the previously mentioned countries this would not be so tithe same extent. Business attitudes to voice communication dates are also important.European businesses operating in Germany soon find that when they promise a delivery date for a new product consumers expect it in the shops on that day, not several weeks afterward Firms who slack on this simple rule find themselves bombarded with telephone calls-mails, and letters. In contrast, in Spain and Greece attitudes are much more causal in this respect the personal appearance and behaviour, the French place much emphasis on establishing personal contact in business dealings and expect the people they deal with to have style.The Spanish believe in the importance of being smartly but conservatively dressed and demonstrating worldly knowledge, for example of good cuisine and wine these are important issues when dining out, attending trade delegation receptions and so on, where business contacts are made. Scandinavians in contrast are much more casual in their dress Cultural instruction programmes, these differences have implications for the training policies adopted by companies some European businesses are now adopting recruitment policies where new employees are anticipate not only to have fluency in more than one language, but also to demonstrate some cross-cultural knowledge.Language In the EU there are currently 13 EU official languages and another 35 territorial minority languages, which include Basque, Breton, Catalan, Cornish, Frisian, Galician, Letzeburgesh, Irish Gaelic, Occitan, Slovene, and Welsh. Language above all else defines group of people as distinct from all others in Europe, since it also impl ies culture, inherited knowledge and beliefs and hurt of reference and thought specific to that group alone. In that sense there is therefore an overlap with the above. unalike languages and dialects as a whole all create market differences.Religion In the traditional Catholic countries of Europe, particularly Eire, Italy, Poland and Spain, the impact of formal organised religion on society and hence business is very important. Past controls on the sale of contraceptives in Eire are one such example. In Poland the Catholic church service has a vital role to play in the political scene with all parties having a commitment to Christian values in their policies. As a whole, businesses in Europe must bearing that increasingly the EU is becoming a society of many faiths. Certainly the large number of Jews resident in Europe has always been obvious. Now however many Muslims have entered EU countries and their religious and moral susceptibilities must also be heeded as much as another r eligion.3.1.4 TechnologicalClearly technology has had a major impact on the European business environment, particularly information technology. The impact of its use will be so pervasive as to be hard to imagine life without it. This ranges from autopilots on aeroplanes to computer-controlled traffic management systems in our cities from computer-controlled robots on factory assembly lines to screen trading in stock and foreign exchange markets from the growth of consumer purchases via the internet to the use of electronic mail rather than conventional letters or faxes.In this sense Bill Gates of Microsoft has argued that the internet will in effect act as a market-maker, bringing together buyers and sellers with minimum friction, and not just for goods and services but also in the Labour market. In 1994 the EU setup a first policy framework for the EU information society. These proposed initiatives to dictate the information society it sought to bring together all those involved in creating networks, applying information technology and establishing the basic services and it sought to raise public awareness about information technology. Most of these have now been implemented or are in the process of being implemented. This has had significant implications for European businesses by shaping the environment within which they operate.3.1.5 LegalInevitably legal systems can differ significantly from European country to country both in terms of their content and how they are interpreted. At the one extreme in Russia, transformation has required work, in the 1990s, to develop a legal system to come to terms with the concepts of private property (particularly ownership of land) and the legal existence of private and public limited companies with the ability to fill and dismiss labour, enter into contracts, buy, own and sell assets and so forth. At the other extreme, in the EU, Union legislation applies to all member countries and is establishing elements of a com mon legal framework for all, even though individual countries still, of course, have their own natural laws. This is based on key treaties, such as, the Treaty of Rom 1957, the Single European Act1987, the Maastricht Treaty 1993, and so forth.All these treaties will directly affect European Businesses. The main influences of countrys legal system on a business are through their impact on the businesss marketing mix and the laws affecting competition. For the most legal systems are based on civil law that is detailed rules and regulations which are strictly interpreted. In the UK, in contrast, the legal system is based on common law which is determined by past former and is more flexible in its interpretation. In terms of marketing a product EU countries tend to be more regulated because theEnvironmental Issues in the Car IndustryEnvironmental Issues in the Car IndustryWhat are the environmental issues facing the future of the European car industry?AbstractThis paper looks at the is sues facing the European car industry with regard to environmental issues. This is done by looking at past and present published material that revolves around the subject matter under specified themes. Theoretical perspectives within the European business environment such as pestle, models of market structure, profit maximisation, sources of finance, market segmentation, branding strategy, European business and its effects on the environment are all explained in relation to their relevance of environmental issues. These theoretical themes are used because they all act as a catalyst to the subject matter of the problems caused by cars which are not fuel efficient or less pollutant within Europe.In addition, a recently published paper on the directive for labelling on cars with regard to CO2 emissions, awareness of consumers, and fuel efficiency types in the European Union is used as empirical evidence to support ones findings as there was a shortage of time to carry out one. Finally a critical review of matches and miss-matches is used to compare and contrast similarities between the theoretical perspectives identified to prove the latter mentioned and the empirical evidence gathered for this paper, so as to forge a way forward for the European Car Industry.Chapter 1 A Brief History of The Car IndustryIntroductionThe European Car Industry is one that has come of age. From its early beginnings over 100 years ago, it is beginning to show signs of struggling in todays modern society. This has come about due to the new challenges that the industry is facing in the new millennium. Issues such as air pollution, congestion, traffic jams etc., are all factors that have made the car industry rethink its goals, objectives, its marketing, and the consequences that are not foreseen. As a whole the car industry makes nearly 60 million cars and trucks every year, and employs millions of people around the world. Average profit margins have declined from 20 present or more in its hey days of the1920s to around 10 present in the 1960s and less than 5 present in this present day, infect some volume car makers such as Fiat, Ford, and Vauxhall, have actually been losing money.It can be stated that over century ago the car industry feasibly invented modern industrial capitalism. In the Economist (2004) the car started life in Germany and early development of the industry began in France (hence the word automobile, a French word) in the 1900s, but it was in America that the car industry came of age with the Henry Ford T-Model of mass production which started in Chicago round about the same period(1900s).In the 1920s Alfred Sloans ideas of running General Motors provided the model for the great corporations that grew up to dominate the second half of the 20th century. General Motors soon swept past Ford as Alfred Sloan revolutionized the young car industry, and Ford never regained the dominance it enjoyed in its infancy days of mass production. The car industry can be said to be ahead of its time in many respects. For example, in planned obsolescence, which is the frequent changes in design and style that tempted customers to switch to a newer model every year or so. In the 1970s when the oil price quadrupled, the industry found itself under attack from environmentalists outraged by its products gas consuming and exhuming nature, (air pollution, etc.).It was also the first industry to come under government scrutiny, from safety concerns to environmental issues to antitrust worries in the days when General Motors had 60 present of its domestic market and could shut out competitors with a few well-chosen price cuts. However, when small economical and reliable Japanese Cars started to eat into Detroits market share, the American government imposed restraints on those imports. Soon afterwards, theca industry in Europe came under the same similar pressures and followed suit.Due to the sporadic recognition and existence as a pillar of industria l capitalism, the car industry also found itself at the mercy of trade unions in the 1920s and 1930s. Its workers increasingly pushed for trade unionisation in which a times the car factories in the Detroit area, the British Midlands, in Frankfurt, Germany, and the huge plants around Paris were the main battleground of the Class war. Although today trade union membership is still as high as ever, the power they wielded in the 1920s to 1970s has diminished immensely. Today, the motor car is the epitome of mass production, mass marketing and mass consumption, with some of the strongest brands in the world.For most households in rich countries, it is the second-biggest purchase after a house or flat, which makes the industry a pillar of modern industrial capitalism as earlier mentioned. Few other consumer goods industries depend so heavily on second hand market for their products. Now, understanding how the European Car Industry operates and the many pressures that it faces is essentia l to an understanding of the predicament the UK car buyers currently faces. Around 70 present of new cars sold in the UK are imported, with the great majority of these imports coming from the rest of Europe. The UK market is intrinsically tied into the pattern of car making and distribution across Europe.Thus the behaviour of the UK motor industry towards both its retailing and service partners and towards consumers is part of the wider behaviour of the European Car Industry. The industry can be said to be mature one. In virtually every country of North West Europe, the density of car ownership has almost reached its practical maximum. There are some opportunities for growth left in Southern and Central Europe, but they will be largely used up in the next few years.Following on, the consequences of mass production, and a slow introduction of cars that run on synthetic or alternative fuels has led to a rapid increase in environmental pollution, CO2 emissions, traffic jams, congestion , and human related diseases such as lung cancer, all of which are serious environmental issues, which the European Car Industry have found itself slow to adapt, change, amend and implement to the betterment of the wider society. This has led to directives and committees from the European Union to be setup to tackle the issued mentioned above and the latter. With this in mind a review of existing material that has been published in the press and journals will now be critically analysed.Chapter 2 Existing Literature ReviewedThe need to galvanise and understand the unforeseen circumstances of mass car production and environmental issues in the European Union has been stressed by researchers for more than three decades. According to the Europa (2005), the EU is the largest automotive production region (34%) in the world and the industry comprises 7.5% of the manufacturing sector in the union. Direct employment by the automotive industry stands at about two million employees, while the total employment effect (direct and indirect) is estimated to be about ten million. It also adds that since the year 2001, the motor vehicle production has decreased in the European Union, from 17.2 million units in 2001 to 16.9 million units in 2002. The decline continued into2003, with 70,000 motor vehicles less being produced, compared to2002.This decline is due to the worsening of the macro-economic situation where consumer demand has been decreasing. Lagunas (2005)correlates with this by stating that motor vehicles have become the prime means of personal and commercial mobility in todays world. Growing prosperity has led to a spectacular rise in car use, phenomenon being repeated in the new member states which joined the Union in 2004. In China and other booming countries with looser anti-pollution rules than the EU, trends show major increases in private transportation.This success has generated serious concerns about the environmental effects of vehicle use, in particular tra ffic congestion, air pollution, traffic-related diseases, and noise. In addition Lagunas (2005) states that these concerns have led the EU to formulate the objective of decoupling economic growth from transport growth. The EU has come up with legislation and initiatives to drive the change towards cleaner cars while promoting sustainable transport modes and model shift. It goes on to state that the interest in cleaner, less polluting vehicles and fuel has grown rapidly in recent years.Emissions from petrol and diesel engines have been significantly reduced in the last decade, driven mainly by European legislation and will continue to be reduced. In elaboration Lagunas(2005) states that in the EU, almost 40 present of the transport sectors CO2 emissions are produced by the use of private cars in cities, CO2 emissions are damaging the environment and contributing to climate change both petrol and diesel engines have their good and bedsides as regards emissions engines working with die sel fuel emit lessCO2 than the ones working with petrol on the other hand diesel engines are releasing more cancer causing particles in the air.Air pollution caused by car emissions has health impacts problems include aggravation of respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases, asthma, and decreased lung functions. Gartner (2005) also argues that the effectiveness of the directive made by the EU relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO2 emissions has been successful and gained momentum in some European countries but not all. Reasons being consumers lack awareness of fuel economy and environmental impacts of fuels as well as available information tools, in which one of the possibly ways to tackle this as stated by Gartner(2005) was to increase consumers awareness by standard equipment of new cars with fuel consumption indicators or cruise control.In addition Gartner (2005) argues that fuel economy and environmental impact are in general no major factor in vehicle purchase decisions and fuel consumption is mostly only important because of the cost, but not to environmental issues. ACNielsen (2005) agrees with this by saying when it comes to what influences consumers choice of car brand, manufacturers of luxury vehicles may be surprised to learn that image and prestige do not appear to be a top priority, in which engine size and environmentally friendly cars are regarded as the least important features to the Europeans when it comes to buying a car. Interest however is growing slowing with a greater awareness of climate change and CO2 emission issues. Gartner (2005) also states that general awareness of label, poster/display and guide on CO2 emissions and fuel efficiency on cars is quite small and most of the information tools are not regarded as very informative or effective, although it can be said that this varies from one EU country to another.For example, in Austria, the label is regarded as the most informative and efficient e lement, compared to teak where the label was not assessed as effective in detail. In an article by the BBC (2002) it was argued that there are five major groups of car manufacturers in the world, they are General Motors, Ford, DaimlerChrysler Benz, Toyota, and Volkswagen. Of these only Toyota relies on one global brand name. All the others have a web of subsidiaries spanning the world. We must understand that the real reason why the car manufacturing firms are in business is to make money and maintain their prestige as a world class car manufacturer.To do this means they (car manufacturers) will have to constantly roll-out new models, with better gadgets, with performance and style. That is why, as Madsen (2002) argues, Volkswagen launched its luxury car, the Phaeton to compete against the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, and Lamborghini brands. This initiative was and is deemed as a risky push by the Group. However, the Chairman of the group Rd. Bernd Pischetsrieder argues that success woul d not be measured by sales volumes that the key was to enhance the Volkswagen brand. It was also argued by critics from within and outside the firm that the launch of the Phaeton, delayed the launch of the Audi, which is a car from within the group.However, he was quick to mute the negative by stating that possibly, the dealers learn to be a bit quicker and not to find the competitor in-house but out-house, and this will help the business adding it is the engineers and marketers of the Audi brand that have the serious challenge of making sure that the brand does well. With this type of attitude within car firms it shows that environmental issues are the least likely concern within the European Car Industry. In the UK, white paper by DETR (2002) stated that many towns and cities suffer from traffic jams and polluted streets and as a result, are less attractive places in which to live and do business. Reducing the negative impacts of traffic on the quality of peoples lives is a key el ement of improving the urban environment, as set out in the governments recent urban white paper. Adding that emissions of air pollutants arising from road traffic are set to decline over the period to 2010 as a result of improvements in vehicle technology and fuel quality, but are forecast to begin rising again beyond 2010 due to increased traffic growth. Indirectly, an increase in car sales that are not fuel efficient means more air pollution, increased traffic jams, and lung cancer. However, in Europe the car market has become largely a market for replacement vehicles within a largely static market rather than one driven by a growing buyer base, Consumer association (2000).In addition, the market is crowded with over 40 marques and 250 models on offer and major product innovation is rare and rapidly imitated. Notwithstanding, product branding activity is intense and advertising spends are large and directed at creating a sense of differentiation. In another article by the BBC (20 02) it was argued that in the UK, car prices were still too high and one of the major reasons for this was the block exemption, which allows network of national or regional dealers selected by car manufacturers, to flourish. However, this (block exempt) has now been abolished byte European parliament. In another article by the BBC (2002), it was argued that the number of car manufacturing companies had shut down due to the fall in export demand owing to the euros weakness against the pound this is in relation to the fact that 70% of cars driven on Roads are European Imports. In the Economist (2004), it was argued that out of the worlds top 17 car companies, only half were earning more than the cost of their capital.The value creators in Europe were Porsche, the Mercedes bit of DaimlerChrysler, BMW, and Peugeot. In Asia, Toyota, Nissan, Honda, Hyundai, and Kia made the cut. But Americas big three GM, Ford, and Chrysler, were all in the value destruction group, along with Renault, Fia t, Mazda, Mitsubishi, and. In the same article GMs boss argues that the Japanese government is providing indirect aid to the countrys car companies by holding down the yen, thereby lowering their costs of producing export models and parts for the American assembly plants and also in Europe. American and European manufacturers maintain that the Japanese do this solely to boost their exports but it can be stated that the real reason for the Japanese government of implementing such a policy may have been to head off deflation and revive the domestic Japanese economy.In another article by Europa (2005) Verheugen, the vice-president of the European Commission responsible for Enterprise and Industry argues that a legal framework will need to be created via CARS 21 High level group, in which the overall objective is to make recommendations for the short, medium and long-term public policy and regulatory framework for the car industry that enhances its global competitiveness as well as empl oyment, while sustaining further progress in safety and environmental performance at a price affordable to the customer. Corby (2005) also argues that the environmental performance of cars has been improved dramatically over the past decade.New cars have become more fuel efficient and they emit less toxic emissions than cars in the 1970s, adding that environmental innovation is essential for the sustainability and competitiveness of the European car industry. The previous mentioned shows that great changes are being made in the European Car Industry with regard to environmental issues. In a press release by the Auto Industry (2003), it was argued that new car average CO2 emissions fell to 174.2 g/CO2per km in 2002, 8.2 present down on the 1997 baseline and 1.9 present below the 2001 average. The rise of the superman in the UK over recent years has helped to lower average CO2 emissions through the wider appeal of smaller cars. In the same article, it was stated that Diesel fuelled ca rs have been a significant influence on the reduction in average CO2 emissions. Diesel models took a record 23.5 present share of the UK market in 2002, with demand up 38 present.In another published article by Lagunas (2005), it was suggested that the average new car in the EU 15 was releasing almost 12% less CO2 in 2003 than it did in 1995, however pressure was growing, especially from Berlin, to push automakers to make further cuts. In the same article, the German Advisory Council on the Environment (SRU), a government body, blamed the European commission for allowing car makers to exceed limit values for particulate matter (pm) and CO2.It criticizes the industrys voluntary target to reduce emissions to 120 g/km by 2012 as being too modest, saying a target of 100g/km is achievable by that date. It therefore, proposes an innovation forcing strategy to push carmakers embarking on the global competitive race for improved environmental performance of vehicles. Balzac (1998) adds to the furore that because the Yen is one of the leading international currencies, solving the problem (devaluation of Yen) requires international answers.In the same article, as the Car industry is considered one of the key industries in Japan and Europe, a devaluation of the Yen directly affects the European Car Industry. As mentioned in the latter sections a devaluation of the Yen enables Japanese car manufacturers to sell their cars at much lower affordable prices to potential customers in Europe, and North America, in which the European Car Industry would suffer the most due to a high value of the currencies within the European Union member states.With all this in mind, the remainder of this paper proceeds as followsChapter 3 Theoretical Perspectives on the European Business Environmentand MarketingChapter 4 Empirical Evidence.Chapter 5 Critical analysis of Theoretical perspectives and empirical evidenceChapter 6 Summary and Conclusion.Chapter 3 Theoretical Perspectives On The Eur opean Business Environment and MarketingIn order to have a clear understanding of the concept of the business environment within Europe and the marketing of the car industry, we will first need to identify the meaning of the terminologies. European business is a generic term which describes Avery wide variety of agricultural, industrial and service activities undertaken by a large number of different organisations across the continent of Europe. Examples of European business might include Privatised telecommunications companies such as Deutsche Telekom a French recording company based in a converted barn in Normandy, France a farm in Eastern England, highly mechanised and engaged in agribusiness a transnational organisation such as the German car producer Volkswagen, with factories in Germany (VW and Audi), Spain (Seat), the Czech Republic (Skoda) and the UK (Bentley) etc. European business may be run by one person or it may be a small private company.Alternatively it may be a large organisation employing thousands of people, with assets worth hundreds of millions of euros and based in many different European countries. The European business environment refers to the conditions within which European businesses operate. Typically it involves a number of different interacting forces which shape the environment, and thus how a business formulates its long-term strategy, its tactics and its daily operations within this environment. These factors may include political, economic, social, cultural, religious and linguistic forces.Now, marketing is the social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others Kilter et al. (2005). For example, important terms such as needs, wants, and demands products and services value, satisfaction and quality exchange, transactions and relationship and markets are all core marketing concepts which are linked, with each concept building on the one before it. Each part of the marketing definition defines what marketing is and how it is practised.With this in mind we can now move on to discuss about the theoretical concepts used in the understanding of the business environment and marketing of the European car industry. There are several important conceptual frameworks that are used for understanding the environmental impacts of the European car industry.The ones used in this paper are PESTLE Models of Market Structure Profit Maximisation Sources of Finance Market segmentation Branding strategy The European Business and the environment3.1 PESTLEThis means, Political factors influencing a business environment Economic factors Sociological influences Technological influences Legal factors and Environmental/ethical issues. This framework issued to analyse the European business environment.3.1.1 PoliticalThe political beliefs of governments and the policies they implement to pursue them have a major impact on the European business environment. This is both in their own right and also through other policies, such as economic ones hence the re-emergence of political economy in recent years. Additionally, other political philosophies may also have an impact on EU society and hence on the business environment. In the extreme case the economic policies pursued by the former Soviet bloc, with its emphasis on central planning, clearly had massive impact on the ownership, organisational structure, operations and lack of profitability of government-owned European businesses operating in this area. Similarly, the UK Thatcher governments of the1980s created a business environment of entrepreneurship which was largely shaped by the political beliefs of Margaret Thatcher and her close advisors, which subsequently influenced other countries in Europe3.1.2 EconomicThe economic policies pursued by EU governments clearly have significant influence on the environment within which European businesses operate. Since the signing of the Treaty of Maastricht was completed in 1993 EU currency (SEC), formerly called the European currency unit (ecru) but now known as the euro, as part of the moves to Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The commitment by EU governments to meet the Maastricht convergence criteria, as a precondition for acceptance to the first wave of membership of the single European currency, has obliged them to demonstrate fiscal restraint to meet the criteria relating to budget deficit (not to exceed 3 present of the countrys gross domestic product or GDP) and national debt (not to exceed 60 present of GDP).The purpose of the convergence criteria, as their name suggest, is to converge potential members economies to broadly similar levels in terms of the rate of inflation, the level of long-run interest rates, and the stability of their exchange rates and, as noted, government debt. In addition the ability of countries to converge to a common position in their business cycles, in practice to converge their business cycles with that of Germanys as the leading Economy. In practice the problems of non-convergence were demonstrated in the early 1990s when Germany raised its interest rates to counter inflationary pressures. These had resulted from borrowing to fund major expenditure in Eastern Germany to redevelop the infrastructure and productive capacity after the collapse of the communist regime of the former East Germany.3.1.3 SociologicalThis is examined in three broad areas culture, language and religion.Culture The fact that the British have a totally private sense of distance. This is most visibly seen in the shared pretence that Britain is a lonely island in the middle of an empty green sea. Culture has been described as the way we do things round here. In this sense it may be viewed as the inherent values, attitudes, social conventions and mores of a nation. In most cases these are transmitted from one generation to another, usually through the famil y. Increasingly, however, culture is modified by education, the media and peer influences as the pace of change accelerates in modern society. Cultural differences contribute to the diversity of the people who live in Europe and hence are an enriching experience.Cultural differences can also create barriers, however, which in turn have significant implications for European Businesses since, if they are to succeed another than their domestic market, these differences must be taken into account. Examples of cultural differences are the business organisation, in Germany businesses are rigid in their approach and expect everything to be done through proper bureaucratic channels with full technical detail provided.In contrast, British firms involved in collaborative ventures, or who have opened subsidiary companies in Germany, are more casual and relaxed enabling them to be more flexible when sudden response is needed to market change. This difference in operational philosophy can cause problems. Class is also a major factor in determining social attitudes in the business environment, particularly in the UK but also in other parts of Europe.In contrast, in less class-divisive societies such as Denmark, Sweden, and Norway attitudes may be quite different, people such as senior managers secretaries are regarded as important people in the organisation, whereas in the previously mentioned countries this would not be so tithe same extent. Business attitudes to delivery dates are also important.European businesses operating in Germany soon find that when they promise a delivery date for a new product consumers expect it in the shops on that day, not several weeks later Firms who slack on this simple rule find themselves bombarded with telephone calls-mails, and letters. In contrast, in Spain and Greece attitudes are much more causal in this respect the personal appearance and behaviour, the French place much emphasis on establishing personal contact in business dealings and expect the people they deal with to have style.The Spanish believe in the importance of being smartly but conservatively dressed and demonstrating worldly knowledge, for example of good cuisine and wine these are important issues when dining out, attending trade delegation receptions and so on, where business contacts are made. Scandinavians in contrast are much more casual in their dress Cultural training programmes, these differences have implications for the training policies adopted by companies some European businesses are now adopting recruitment policies where new employees are expected not only to have fluency in more than one language, but also to demonstrate some cross-cultural knowledge.Language In the EU there are currently 13 EU official languages and another 35 territorial minority languages, which include Basque, Breton, Catalan, Cornish, Frisian, Galician, Letzeburgesh, Irish Gaelic, Occitan, Slovene, and Welsh. Language above all else defines group of people as distinct from all others in Europe, since it also implies culture, inherited knowledge and beliefs and terms of reference and thought specific to that group alone. In that sense there is therefore an overlap with the above. Different languages and dialects as a whole all create market differences.Religion In the traditional Catholic countries of Europe, particularly Eire, Italy, Poland and Spain, the impact of formal organised religion on society and hence business is very important. Past controls on the sale of contraceptives in Eire are one such example. In Poland the Catholic Church has a vital role to play in the political scene with all parties having a commitment to Christian values in their policies. As a whole, businesses in Europe must bearing that increasingly the EU is becoming a society of many faiths. Certainly the large number of Jews resident in Europe has always been obvious. Now however many Muslims have entered EU countries and their religious and moral susceptibil ities must also be heeded as much as another religion.3.1.4 TechnologicalClearly technology has had a major impact on the European business environment, particularly information technology. The impact of its use will be so pervasive as to be hard to imagine life without it. This ranges from autopilots on aeroplanes to computer-controlled traffic management systems in our cities from computer-controlled robots on factory assembly lines to screen trading in stock and foreign exchange markets from the growth of consumer purchases via the internet to the use of e-mail rather than conventional letters or faxes.In this sense Bill Gates of Microsoft has argued that the internet will in effect act as a market-maker, bringing together buyers and sellers with minimum friction, and not just for goods and services but also in the Labour market. In 1994 the EU setup a first policy framework for the EU information society. These proposed initiatives to regulate the information society it sought t o bring together all those involved in creating networks, applying information technology and establishing the basic services and it sought to raise public awareness about information technology. Most of these have now been implemented or are in the process of being implemented. This has had significant implications for European businesses by shaping the environment within which they operate.3.1.5 LegalInevitably legal systems can differ significantly from European country to country both in terms of their content and how they are interpreted. At the one extreme in Russia, transformation has required work, in the 1990s, to develop a legal system to come to terms with the concepts of private property (particularly ownership of land) and the legal existence of private and public limited companies with the ability to hire and dismiss labour, enter into contracts, buy, own and sell assets and so forth. At the other extreme, in the EU, Union legislation applies to all member countries an d is establishing elements of a common legal framework for all, even though individual countries still, of course, have their own laws. This is based on key treaties, such as, the Treaty of Rom 1957, the Single European Act1987, the Maastricht Treaty 1993, and so forth.All these treaties will directly affect European Businesses. The main influences of countrys legal system on a business are through their impact on the businesss marketing mix and the laws affecting competition. For the most legal systems are based on civil law that is detailed rules and regulations which are strictly interpreted. In the UK, in contrast, the legal system is based on common law which is determined by past precedent and is more flexible in its interpretation. In terms of marketing a product EU countries tend to be more regulated because the